Research Design Data and Data Source Data Analysis

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Design

This study use descriptive qualitative method which is applied by giving a description of the maxims from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speeches. The qualitative research tend to the understanding of the problems in social life based on the real condition , complex and arranged. This research also namely constructivist, naturalistic or interpretative approach Erlina, 2011 : 14.

3.2. Data and Data Source

The data are collected from internet about Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speeches. In reference to the data, the data is focused on the sentences that have maxims. Two speeches are taken. One speech is about Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speech about he’s campaign before he was elected to be a president as a second period and another one is speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia. 3.3 Data Collecting Method In collecting data the writer use documentary technique which means finding, reading, studying, and analyzing all the data. It took from two speeches which were taken randomly from newspaper, internet or book. The speech is taken and then read and determined the maxims in the political speech. Universitas Sumatera Utara Data collecting stages

3.4. Data Analysis

The writer analyzed the data or speech in three steps. Firstly, the data identified. Second, the data interpreted according to the aplication of maxims on the data, and the thirt, the data categorized and classified the kinds of maxims that found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political speech. Search for the speeches from internet Print the text Determine the maxim Tact maxim Generosity maxim Approbation maxim Modesty maxim Agreement maxim Sympathy maxim. Conclusion Analyze the maxim Universitas Sumatera Utara The procedures of analyzing the data is based on the following steps : 1. Identifying the types of maxims which are used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his speech. 2. Classifying the types of maxims taht used by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono inhis speech. 3. Finding out the type of maxims which is dominantly used in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speeches by using formula: Χ= x 100 In which X= the percentage of the items F= Frequency N= the total number of the items 4. Analyzing the relationship between the speeches to maxims. Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1.Data Analysis As stated in the previous chapters, the data was collected from two political speeches of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The two speeches are: 1. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political speech before he was elected to be a president as a second time : Membangun Pemerintahan yang Bersih untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Rakyat 2. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political speech about the relation between Indonesia and Malaysia The two political speeches were analyzed by using Leech’s theory about maxim: they are tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim and sympathy maxim. Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.1.1. The Occurrence of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Campaign Speech Membangun Pemerintahan yang Bersih untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Rakyat 1. Tact Maxim Tact maxim means minimize cost to other and maximize benefit to other in communicating. One who holds this maxim is called a polite man. If someone clings to this maxim, he will be able to avoid an impression of obstinacy, envy and other impolite attitudes to the listener or the addresses in speaking and also avoiding the probability of hurt to addresses. Here is tact maxim that is found in susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech: “Yang mesti kita pilih Saudara-saudara, adalah ekonomi jalan tengah. Dimana prinsip-prinsip ekonomi pasar yang membawa efisiensi dan pertumbuhan yang berkualitas kita wadahi dan peran pemerintah, guna memastikan pemerataan ekonomi bagi seluruh rakyat juga kita jalankan dengan tepat. Kebijakan ekonomi seperti inilah yang sungguh membawa manfaat bagi rakyat Indonesia.” . statement 25 Interpretation : Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gave an economic policy that middle ground in the political speech excerpts . He gave an assurance to the public by the policy , that the problem is being addressed though is actually relatively small for its achievement . In his claim, there is a message to the public in order to choose the middle path of economic benefit to the people of Indonesia, which is a Universitas Sumatera Utara category of Searle is impositive that aims to produce an effect in the form of the action taken by the addressees. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono using a maxim of wisdom which is a picture of Searle impositive categories included in the principle of modesty. He made the slightest loss to the community by providing a middle ground of economic policies by saying “Yang mesti kita pilih Saudara- saudara, adalah ekonomi jalan tengah. Dimana prinsip-prinsip ekonomi pasar yang membawa efisiensi dan pertumbuhan yang berkualitas kita wadahi dan peran pemerintah, guna memastikan pemerataan ekonomi bagi seluruh rakyat juga kita jalankan dengan tepa” . He also gives the advantage to the community is through the middle of the street economy will bring benefits to the people of Indonesia by saying “Kebijakan ekonomi seperti inilah yang sungguh membawa manfaat bagi rakyat Indonesia.” .In that statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono using a tact maxim shown to reduce the loss of others and increase the benefit of another. 2. Generosity Maxim Generosity maxim means minimizing the benefit and maximizing the cost to self. It means that a speaker tries to be generous in communicating, so the other or the addressee should be put first instead of self. With this generosity maxim, language users are expected to respect others. Here is generosity maxim that is found in susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech: “Pejabat negara dan pejabat pemerintah apa pun tingkatannya tidak boleh memiliki konflik kepentingan, tidak boleh melakukan kegiatan bisnis, termasuk Universitas Sumatera Utara keluarganya yang melakukan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Kalau pun melakukan bisnis haruslah transparan dan tidak melanggar aturan dan juga tidak boleh melebihi kepatutannya. Ingat, kerajaan dan gurita bisnis pejabat dan keluarga pejabat di masa lampaulah yang turut memperdalam kejatuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Saya akan dengan gigih terus berupaya, agar sistem kita makin bersih, KKN dapat dicegah dan reformasi birokrasi terus dijalankan dengan baik” . statement 35 Interpretation: The assertion, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gave a message to the community at the same promise. Such messages may reduce profits for himself because in the statement said that “Pejabat negara dan pejabat pemerintah apa pun tingkatannya tidak boleh memiliki konflik kepentingan, tidak boleh melakukan kegiatan bisnis, termasuk keluarganya yang melakukan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Kalau pun melakukan bisnis haruslah transparan dan tidak melanggar aturan dan juga tidak boleh melebihi kepatutannya ”. He is a state official that he should not be doing the abuse of authority for personal gain and he also stated that if there is a business must be transparent so that there is not an imbalance, especially in the economic field in Indonesia. The message is a picture of polite category impositive Searle is depicted through the generosity maxim. Besides that, he also gave an overview of the promise manners Searle categories namely commissive which called the generosity maxim. He gave a promise that will be done in the future that gives losses dating for himself. He stated that he would seek to eradicate corruption and make a clean government of corruption by saying” Saya akan dengan gigih terus berupaya, agar sistem kita makin Universitas Sumatera Utara bersih, KKN dapat dicegah dan reformasi birokrasi terus dijalankan dengan baik . In this statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono using a generosity maxim because it reduces the benefit to himself and give himself a loss . 3. Approbation Maxim Approbation maxim involves minimizing dispraise and maximizing praise to hearer. It is expected to all of the language users not to mock one each other in communicating. The speaker who often mocks others in speaking is called impolite people because mocking is a less appropriate attitude and impressed that the speaker does not appreciate others. Here is approbation maxim that is found in susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech: “Alhamdulillah, sejarah mencatat, meskipun masih banyak pekerjaan rumah yang harus kita lanjutkan ke depan, banyak pula prestasi dan hasil yang telah kita capai. Kalau semuanya jujur, kita mesti sungguh bersyukur terhadap segala capaian yang kita raih selama 5 tahun terakhir ini, baik di bidang politik, hukum dan keamanan, di bidang perekonomian, di bidang kesejahteraan, dan di bidang kerjasama internasional. Untuk itu semua, dalam kapasitas saya sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia, saya mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada seluruh rakyat Indonesia atas dukungan dan kerjasamanya” . statement 11 Interpretation: when viewed from the principle or maxim of politeness, the statement clearly show the approbation maxim depicted by Searle through the Universitas Sumatera Utara expressive categories which has function to reveal or express the psychological attitude of speakers towards a state that is implicit in illocutionary like thank you. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , merge or member combination of praise and appreciation to the community for what they have achieved over the last 5 years . Although there are still many things to be done next, but has gained a lot of good results and achievements in the field of politics, law and security, the economy, welfare and international cooperation. He gave his thanks by saying “Alhamdulillah, sejarah mencatat, meskipun masih banyak pekerjaan rumah yang harus kita lanjutkan ke depan, banyak pula prestasi dan hasil yang telah kita capai. Kalau semuanya jujur, kita mesti sungguh bersyukur terhadap segala capaian yang kita raih selama 5 tahun terakhir ini, baik di bidang politik, hukum dan keamanan, di bidang perekonomian, di bidang kesejahteraan, dan di bidang kerjasama internasional. Untuk itu semua, dalam kapasitas saya sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia, saya mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada seluruh rakyat Indonesia atas dukungan dan kerjasamanya ”. He never give dispraise of all the statements in the speech. 4. Modesty Maxim Modesty maxim means minimizing praise and maximizing praise of self. Here is modesty maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech: “Saya tidak ingin banyak membuat janji yang sulit saya penuhi. Memberikan angin surga kepada rakyat, juga bukan jalan yang saya pilih. Terlebih ketika Universitas Sumatera Utara situasi dunia sedang dilanda krisis besar di bidang perekonomian dewasa ini. Ke depan, saudara-saudara, 5 tahun mendatang, saya memilih untuk tidak dipuji karena kurang menjanjikan sasaran-sasaran yang spektakuler, langkah-langkah yang amat agresif, serta perubahan-perubahan yang amat dramatis” . statement 18 Interpretation 5. Agreement Maxim : Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono condemned the expression itself. He stated that it will not give you a hard promise he fulfilled. The sentence shown that in fact he is less able to meet all its promises because the condition or world situation that was hit by a major crisis in the field of economy. That increase criticism of himself by saying “Saya tidak ingin banyak membuat janji yang sulit saya penuhi. Memberikan angin surga kepada rakyat, juga bukan jalan yang saya pilih. Terlebih ketika situasi dunia sedang dilanda krisis besar di bidang perekonomian dewasa ini”. Because it is less able to make a very drastic change , he chose not to be praised by saying “Ke depan, saudara-saudara, 5 tahun mendatang, saya memilih untuk tidak dipuji karena kurang menjanjikan sasaran- sasaran yang spektakuler, langkah-langkah yang amat agresif, serta perubahan- perubahan yang amat dramatis”. It will reduce the compliment to him. So, he uses the modesty maxim that reduces praise and magnify self-criticism. Agreement maxim involves minimizing disagreement and maximizing agreement between self and other. Here is agreement maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech: Universitas Sumatera Utara “Menyangkut hubungan antarlembaga negara, kita rasakan sekarang ini, check and balances makin terwujud dengan baik. Tugas kita ke depan adalah menjamin konsistensi sistem pemerintahan kabinet presidensial yang mesti dapat menjalankan tugasnya secara efektif. Kita tentu harus mencegah dan tidak ingin kembali kepada sistem pemerintahan yang otoritarian. Namun yang harus kita lakukan sebagai bagian dari konsolidasi demokrasi sekali lagi adalah pelaksanaan sistem presidensial sesuai dengan ketatanegaraan yang kita anut. Ke arah inilah kehidupan demokrasi mesti kita bangun, sebuah demokrasi yang substantif dan bukan hanya bersifat prosedural semata” .statement 38 Interpretation : In the statement , Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gave a report on the check and balances embodied well . He wants a collaboration between himself and the public to remain in the presidential cabinet system of government according to the constitution is adopted. He improves collaboration by inviting all the people to run the country or administration tasks together by saying “Menyangkut hubungan antarlembaga negara, kita rasakan sekarang ini, check and balances makin terwujud dengan baik. Tugas kita ke depan adalah menjamin konsistensi sistem pemerintahan kabinet presidensial yang mesti dapat menjalankan tugasnya secara efektif. Kita tentu harus mencegah dan tidak ingin kembali kepada sistem pemerintahan yang otoritarian. Namun yang harus kita lakukan sebagai bagian dari konsolidasi demokrasi sekali lagi adalah pelaksanaan sistem presidensial sesuai dengan ketatanegaraan yang kita anut. Ke arah inilah kehidupan demokrasi mesti kita bangun, sebuah demokrasi yang substantif dan bukan hanya bersifat prosedural semata” . It uses the agreement Universitas Sumatera Utara maxim which increases agreement between self and others and do not reduce agreement themselves with others and reduce disagreement between himself and others. 6. Sympathy Maxim Sympathy maxim involves minimizing antipathy and maximizing sympathy between self and other. The sympathy to others is often shown by smiling, head-nodding and knowing the man’s feeling about something. Here is sympathy maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s campaign Speech: “Mengapa saya mengatakan seperti itu? Ya, karena memang kenyataannya, negara kita 5 tahun yang lalu belum aman benar. Politik belum stabil benar, ekonomi masih lemah, kesejahteraan rakyat terpukul akibat krisis, kemiskinan, pengangguran, dan beban hutang masih tinggi, termasuk utang IMF,yang membebani kita. Citra kita di mata dunia buruk, Indonesia masih mendapatkan sanksi dan embargo dari masyarakat internasional. Dan jangan lupa korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme masih relatif merajalela, sementara pemerintahan yang bersih masih jauh dari harapan” .statement 8 Interpretation: In a statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono of Indonesia to report on the actual condition. He stated about the unstable political conditions, the economy is still weak, poverty, unemployment, and debt burdens remain high. He expressed great sympathy by saying Ya, karena memang kenyataannya, negara Universitas Sumatera Utara kita 5 tahun yang lalu belum aman benar. Politik belum stabil benar, ekonomi masih lemah, kesejahteraan rakyat terpukul akibat krisis, kemiskinan, pengangguran, dan beban hutang masih tinggi, termasuk utang IMF, yang membebani kita. Citra kita di mata dunia buruk, Indonesia masih mendapatkan sanksi dan embargo dari masyarakat internasional. Dan jangan lupa korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme masih relatif merajalela, sementara pemerintahan yang bersih masih jauh dari harapan” . The statement gives the sense that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono can understand about a very chaotic situation in Indonesia five years ago. He also stated that corruption, collusion and nepotism are rampant and relatively clean government is still far from expectations. He puts himself in these conditions and feel the burden so heavy that experienced by Indonesia. Table 4.1.1.1 The Occurrence of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Campaign Speech Membangun Pemerintahan yang Bersih untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Rakyat No Maxims Frequency Percentage 1 Tact Maxim 13 27,08 2 Generosity Maxim 8 16,66 3 Approbation Maxim 1 2,08 4 Modesty Maxim 6 12,5 5 Agreement Maxim 14 29,16 6 Sympathy Maxim 6 12,6 Total number 48 100 Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2.2. The Occurrence of Maxims in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech about The Relation between Indonesia - Malaysia 1. Tact Maxim Tact maxim means minimize cost to other and maximize benefit to other in communicating. One who holds this maxim is called a polite man. If someone clings to this maxim, he will be able to avoid an impression of obstinacy, envy and other impolite attitudes to the listener or the addresses in speaking and also avoiding the probability of hurt to addresses. Here is tact maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s political Speech: “Saya juga menekankan bahwa masalah seperti ini harus diselesaikan secara cepat, tegas dan tepat, karena berkaitan dengan kepentingan nasional kita. Memelihara hubungan baik dengan negara sahabat, apalagi dengan Malaysia, sangat penting. Tetapi, tentu kita tidak bisa mengabaikan kepentingan nasional, apalagi jika menyangkut kedaulatan dan keutuhan NKRI” . statement 18 Interpretation : In this statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono gives a message to Indonesian people to solve the problem as soon as possible because it has relation to needs of nation by saying “Saya juga menekankan bahwa masalah seperti ini harus diselesaikan secara cepat, tegas dan tepat, karena berkaitan dengan kepentingan nasional kita” . He gives the advantage to Indonesian people that there would be welfare and the union of Indonesia by saying “Memelihara Universitas Sumatera Utara hubungan baik dengan negara sahabat, apalagi dengan Malaysia, sangat penting. Tetapi, tentu kita tidak bisa mengabaikan kepentingan nasional, apalagi jika menyangkut kedaulatan dan keutuhan NKRI” . He use tact maxim to shown to reduce loss of others and increase the benefit of others. 2. Generosity Maxim Generosity maxim means minimizing the benefit and maximizing the cost to self. It means that a speaker tries to be generous in communicating, so the other or the addressee should be put first instead of self. With this generosity maxim, language users are expected to respect others. Here is generosity maxim that is found in susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech: “Sejak saya menerima laporan mengenai insiden ini tanggal 14 Agustus 2010 pagi, saya langsung memberikan berbagai instruksi. Pertama, saya minta agar ketiga petugas Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan segera dikembalikan dalam keadaan selamat. Kedua, saya juga memerintahkan untuk mengusut tuntas apa yang sebenarnya terjadi dalam insiden tersebut.” . statement 15 Interpretation: Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono tells about his act to solve the problem in 14 august 2010 morning that reduce the benefit to himself by saying “Sejak saya menerima laporan mengenai insiden ini tanggal 14 Agustus 2010 pagi, saya langsung memberikan berbagai instruksi. Pertama, saya minta agar ketiga petugas Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan segera dikembalikan dalam keadaan selamat. Kedua, saya juga memerintahkan untuk mengusut tuntas apa Universitas Sumatera Utara yang sebenarnya terjadi dalam insiden tersebut.” . in that statement, he didn’t get the benefit for himself so that’s why it is include to generosity maxim. 3. Approbation Maxim Approbation maxim involves minimizing dispraise and maximizing praise to hearer. It is expected to all of the language users not to mock one each other in communicating. The speaker who often mocks others in speaking is called impolite people because mocking is a less appropriate attitude and impressed that the speaker does not appreciate others. Here is approbation maxim that is found in susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech: “Terhadap insiden ini, kita semua sangat prihatin, dan saya ingin agar masalah ini segera di selesaikan secara tuntas, dengan mengutamakan langkah-langkah diplomasi. Saya ingin mengatakan bahwa sejak terjadinya kasus ini pemerintah telah bertindak. Sistempun telah bekerja” . statement 17 Interpretation : There is a statement that include to Searle expressive category which has function to reveal or express the psychological attitude of speakers towards a state that is implicit in illocutionary like thank you. In this statemen, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono expressed about the value of the system that he was made by saying “Saya ingin mengatakan bahwa sejak terjadinya kasus ini pemerintah telah bertindak. Sistempun telah bekerja” . He never gives dispraise of all the statements in the speech. Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. Modesty Maxim Modesty maxim means minimizing praise and maximizing praise of self. Here is modesty maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech: “Dalam kaitan ini, saya telah mengirim surat kepada Perdana Menteri Malaysia, yang intinya menyampaikan keprihatinan yang mendalam atas terjadinya insiden tersebut. Saya juga mendorong agar proses perundingan batas maritim dapat dipercepat dan dituntaskan. Sementara itu, Kementerian Luar Negeri telah memanggil Duta Besar Malaysia di Jakarta untuk menyampaikan nota protes. Menteri Luar Negeri juga telah melakukan komunikasi intensif dengan Menteri Luar Negeri Malaysia. Dalam perkembangannya, alhamdulillah, ke-3 petugas Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan itu kini telah kembali ke tanah air” . statement 19 Interpretation: In this statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono tells about his ability to solve that problem by saying “Dalam kaitan ini, saya telah mengirim surat kepada Perdana Menteri Malaysia, yang intinya menyampaikan keprihatinan yang mendalam atas terjadinya insiden tersebut. Saya juga mendorong agar proses perundingan batas maritim dapat dipercepat dan dituntaskan. Sementara itu, Kementerian Luar Negeri telah memanggil Duta Besar Malaysia di Jakarta untuk menyampaikan nota protes. Menteri Luar Negeri Universitas Sumatera Utara juga telah melakukan komunikasi intensif dengan Menteri Luar Negeri Malaysia” he uses the modesty maxim to reduce praise and magnify self- criticsm. 5. Agreement Maxim Agreement maxim involves minimizing disagreement and maximizing agreement between self and other. Here is agreement maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech: “Sementara itu, sekitar 13,000 pelajar dan mahasiswa Indonesia belajar di Malaysia, dan 6,000 mahasiswa Malaysia belajar di Indonesia. Ini merupakan asset bangsa yang harus terus kita bina bersama, dan juga modal kemitraan di masa depan” .statement 5 Interpretation 6. Sympathy Maxim : In the statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono tells about the relation between Indonesia and Malay. He told that Indonesia and Malay has relation in student exchange by saying “Sementara itu, sekitar 13,000 pelajar dan mahasiswa Indonesia belajar di Malaysia, dan 6,000 mahasiswa Malaysia belajar di Indonesia. Ini merupakan asset bangsa yang harus terus kita bina bersama, dan juga modal kemitraan di masa depan” . He want agreement between himself and Indonesian people for walfare of Indonesia in the future. Universitas Sumatera Utara Sympathy maxim involves minimizing antipathy and maximizing sympathy between self and other. The sympathy to others is often shown by smiling, head-nodding and knowing the man’s feeling about something. Here is sympathy maxim that is found in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech: “Sebagai Kepala Negara dan Kepala Pemerintahan, saya juga merasakan apa yang dirasakan oleh rakyat Indonesia. Saya sungguh mengerti keprihatinan, kepedulian, bahkan emosi yang saudara-saudara rasakan. Dan apa yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah sekarang dan ke depan ini, sesungguhnya juga cerminan dari keprihatinan kita semua” . statement 26 Interpretation : in that statement, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono report the situation in Indonesia and state himself in that situation by saying “Sebagai Kepala Negara dan Kepala Pemerintahan, saya juga merasakan apa yang dirasakan oleh rakyat Indonesia. Saya sungguh mengerti keprihatinan, kepedulian, bahkan emosi yang saudara-saudara rasakan. Dan apa yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah sekarang dan ke depan ini, sesungguhnya juga cerminan dari keprihatinan kita semua” . Universitas Sumatera Utara Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 4.1.2.1 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s Political Speech about The Relation between Indonesia –Malaysia No Maxims Frequency Percentage 1 Tact Maxim 6 20 2 Generosity Maxim 2 6,66 3 Approbation Maxim 1 3,33 4 Modesty Maxim 3 10 5 Agreement Maxim 15 50 6 Sympathy Maxim 3 10 Total Number 30 100

4.2. Finding