2.3. Politeness Theories
Politeness theory is the theory that accounts for the redressing of the affronts to face posed by face-threatening acts to addressees. First formulated in
1978 by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson, politeness theory has since expanded academia’s perception of politeness. Politeness is the expression of the
speakers’ intention to mitigate face threats carried by certain face threatening acts toward another . Being polite therefore consists of attempting to save face for
another.
According to Yule 1996:60, politeness, in an interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face. There
are some linguist interpret politeness in different ways as different definition of politeness. There are some theories about politeness principle will be shown as
follow :
2.3.1.Brown and Levinson Theory
Brown and Levinson sum up human politeness behaviour in three namely
positive politeness ,negative politeness and off-record politeness
a. Positive politeness
Positive politeness strategies seek to minimize the threat to the hearer’s positive face Yule, 1996 : 64. They are used to make the hearer feel good about
himself, his interests or possessions, and are most usually used in situations where the audience knows each other fairly well. In addition to hedging and attempts to
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avoid conflict, some strategies of positive politeness include statements of friendship, solidarity, compliments.
b. Negative politeness
Negative politeness strategies are oriented towards the hearer’s negative face and emphasize avoidance of imposition on the hearer Yule. 1996 : 64.
These strategies presume that the speaker will be imposing on the listener and there is a higher potential for awkwardness or embarrassment than in bald on
record strategies and positive politeness strategies. Negative face is the desire to remain autonomous so the speaker is more apt to include an out for the listener,
through distancing styles like apologies.
c. Off-record Politeness Indirect
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