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CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter, the researcher discusses: the understanding of narrative text, the purposes of narrative text, the grammatical features of narrative text,
schematic structure of narrative text, definition of collaborative strategic reading, purpose of collaborative strategic reading, procedure of collaborative strategic
reading, teaching reading using collaborative strategic reading, previous study, theoretical framework, theoretical hypotheses.
A. Narrative Text
1. The Understanding of Narrative Text
Narrative can be defined as a story that is written to entertain people and to tell a story or various experience in different ways.
1
It means that narrative is an interesting story to entertain the audience with a set various character, event, and
something that can be learned from the story. In addition, Steven stated that a narrative recounts a story, a series of events in a temporal sequence.
2
In other words, narrative is a text which communicates the readers or listener about a
sequence of events of a story. Meanwhile, Anis Apriliawati defines a narrative as a text that telling something or story in the past event and usually applies past
tense.
3
It means that, narrative tells a story that happened in the past. Therefore, the correct tense of the text is past tense.
Moreover, Hazel gives explanation about narrative as follows: a. Narrative is needed to develop our comprehension and expression which it
always changes over time. b. The time in narrative is subjective and elastic, not objective.
c. Narrative construction have two crucial functional elements: those are event selection and even sequencing.
d. Narrative represented of reality from a particular perspective.
1
Sanggam Siahaan and Kisno Shinoda, Generic Text Structure Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2008, p. 73.
2
Steven Cohan, Telling Stories. A Theoretical Analysis of Narratin Fiction, London: Tylor and Francis e-Library, 2001, p. 73.
3
Anis Apriliawati, Comprehending Text Types Bekasi: Ganesha Exact, 2009, p. 39.
e. Narrative implicates the efficient organization, encoding of memory and planning problem-solving ability.
4
In addition, Anderson and Kathy describe several genres of narrative, such as imaginary, factual, or combination of both. They may include fairy stories,
mysteries, science, fiction, romance, horror stories, adventure stories, fables, myths, and legends, historical narratives, ballads, slice of life, and personal
experience.
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Besides, narrative text has some characteristics that can make these kinds of the text easy to be recognized and to be known. Those are:
a. Narrative usually was completed by using images or interactive elements. b. Narrative is written by the first or the third person.
c. Narrative is written by chronological order. d. The characters in the narrative are often stereotypical and contrasting.
e. Each genres of narrative has its own typical characters, setting and events. f. The most common generic structures of narrative are opening, complication,
and resolution.
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From the explanation above, it can be concluded that narrative is a text that has purpose to entertain the reader. A narrative text consists of a number of
characters, events, and time sequence which it has several genres and characteristics. Further, it uses a past tense as a tense.
2. The Purpose of Narrative Text
There are some purposes of narrative text. According to Aderson and Kathy, the purpose of narrative is “to present a view of the world that entertains or
informs the reader or listener.”
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In another book, Aderson and Kathy states that “narrative text can also make the audience think about the issues, teach them a
4
Paul Hazel, Narrative: An Introduction, Swansea Institute of Higher Education Mount Pleasant, Swansea, p. 7.
5
Mark and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 2, South Yarra: Macmillan, 2003, p. 18.
6
The National Strategic I Primary Support for Writing, Fiction, p. 1.
7
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson 2, op. cit., p. 1.
lesson or excite their emotion.”
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It means that the reader can get the feeling of some issues and get the pleasure from the story.
In addition, Betty stated that the purpose of narrative is to entertain and establish camaraderie whether the account is fiction or fact, and specific purpose,
is to inform other people and the main idea, fact or event will often stated first.
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Meanwhile, Anis Apriliawati states that the aim of narrative is telling a story to amuse or to entertain the readers.
10
In line of this Sanggan states that the social function of narrative is to entertain and to deal with vicarious experience in
different way.
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It means that narrative is written as amusing stories to entertain the reader. Futhermore, Clouse states the purposes of narrative are:
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Table 2.1 Purpose of Narrative Purposes of Narration
Purpose Sample Narration
To entertain An account of your first meeting with
your father-in-law, when you mistook him for annoying insurance salesman
To express feeling An account of what happened when
your best friend betrayed you To relate experience
An account of the time you got lost in the woods for two days
To inform to explain what happpens when a person is arrested
An account of the times you were wrongly arrested for shoplifting
To inform to teach a lesson An account of a time you got in trouble
cheating To persuade to convince the reader that
community service should be required in high school
An account of the community service you performed a high school senior
In sum up, the purpose of narrative text is to amuse and to inform the audience and also the reader can get the feeling of some issue.
8
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson Text Types in English 3, South Yarra: Macmillan, 2003, p. 8.
9
Betty Mattix Dietsch, Reason and Writing Well, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006, p. 124.
10
Anis Apriliawati, op. cit., p. 39.
11
Sanggam Siahaan, op. cit., p. 73.
12
Barbara Fine Clouse, The Students Writer, The Asia Foundation: Erancisco Califonia, USA, p. 187.
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