Background of the Study

5 conclusion, TJP as the newspaper media has its own authorization in reproduce the experiences and react fairly the representation of world into a piece of newspaper text based on the interpretation of existence, whether it is something or someone. The second problem is how vocabulary choices and well-ordered sentences in building up sequences of discourse are intended to design and to produce corruption news articles. Systemic Functional Grammar SFG concerns to how meanings are made in different contexts. Halliday 2004 defines three metafunctional languages of the grammatical system used by the speakerwriter to rely on human experience. First is ideational metafunction which function of the grammar is ‗language as reflection‘. Starting from his function focuses on ‗language as action‘ how the language used in a text cannot be abused or misused by the language users because it presents the representation of the world. Second is interpersonal metafunction which function is ‗language as exchange‘. There is a transaction between speaker and listener. The subject is responsible for the validity of what he is saying about Object. Third is textual metafunction which focuses on how language creates discourse. When the grammar is represented systematically, it constructs not only discourse sequences but also the discursive flow, cohesion, and continuity due to the contexts where the function can mean purpose or way of using language. Those three different functional configurations can make up separate strands of meaning but their relationship construes the whole united meaning of corruption phenomenon objectively. Bourdieu 2010 calls this significance as text autonomy, the lexico-semantic and syntax domains which 6 play roles in determining the authority of the text instead of free from its producer writer and utterer. Between actor and participant, there must be a relevant participant who can take part in the discourse to be criticized, intend to be delivered to audiences or readers. They act as the recipient of politics information van Dijk 1993: 13. This statement points clearly to the students of linguistics in playing the role as the agent of change to sound the independent judgment about ideological critic in what the journalists reveal about the political corruption. It proposes producing an autonomous text – objectivity – based on the important ―real-life experience‖ meaning. Bourdieu 2010: 170 terms this condition as epoche French or epoch English. It means that a language analyst must take a distance to make trajectory of interpretation buildings by using structural analysis, instead of bracketing the text. The clauses, not only sentences, are bracketing to speak publicly ―Words wreak havo c‖. That means Critical Discourse Analysis CDA occurs ―when they words find a name for what had up to be namelessly ‖ Sartre in Bourdieu 2008:170 and are reproducing truth in rhetorical frameworks of explicature and implicature Joseph, 2006: 110-112 and Huang, 2007: 187-197. Fairclough 2010 clarifies the clear ideological text are potentially having: features of vocabulary and metaphors, grammar, presuppositions and implicatures, politeness conventions, speech-exchange system, generic structure, and style. This paper tends also to focus on what Halliday, McIntosh, and Strevens 1964 in Halliday 2004: 33-34 believe in the essence that the environment of meanings in which language, other semiotic systems, and social systems operate. The 7 linguistic features of mode, field and tenor indicated as multi-dimensional semiotic space are applied to analyze Suryadharma Ali and Sutan Bathoegana the ex-ministers corruption news article of TJP. By employing SFG, the researcher wishes the systemic structural analysis behind the text can be found objectively. Because of the readers ‘ authority in receiving information; various assumptions between ‗agree‘ and ‗disagree‘ ‒ probably be just neutral ‒ can appear and reproduce the text they have already read. Since it is impossible for CDA researcher to criticize objectively the ideology found in the text, the analysis of CDA must be sit-in certain subjectivity to prove the truth, revealing ideology. In analyzing the clauses of a news article in TJP, Halliday ‘s transitivity is used as a fundamental and powerful semantic concept. It generally refers to the representational meaning of the clause to show how language users encode in a language their mental picture of reality assumptions and how they account for their experience of the world around them presupposit ions. Since transitivity is dealt with the transmission of ideas, it is considered to fall within the realm of the ideational function field values of language. Halliday ‘s transitivity is concerned also with propositional meanings and functions of syntactic elements. The language users play roles to a large amount of the social impact that represents states of being, action, events, and situations concerning a given society. The concept is the speaker or writer, in this case, in a news article, makes the choice from available options to state. It means that his opinion and point of view are ideologically significant and consistent, e.g. by using of certain modality and tense tenor as a means to build the relationship between the speaker and the addressee, like in the sentence: he would present 8 a number of witnesses and experts [to convince the panel of judges at the court]. The inclination modulation would is used to express the writer ‘s intention to state the earlier doing-and-happening legal move of corruption suspect while the verb present refers to present tense. The textual metafunction mode values relates to the construction of the text. It means that an enabling or facilitating function construe experience and enact interpersonal relations so the sequence of discourse, the discursive flow, cohesion, and continuity enable to be built up along the context, above the text. The division between semiotic and social activities, between linguistic and semiotic in language context activities, the rhetoric, dialogic or monologic turn, written or spoken turn, and channel whether phonic or graphic can be facilitated through mode. In the constraint of meaning, Halliday defines the Theme functions to point the departure for the message. It is the element the speaker selects for ‗grounding‘ what he is going on to say. For example, the using of Unmarked Theme in the clause: and that he committed none of the offenses... The underlined is Unmarked because it has a function as the subject, nominalized clause as Head. On the other hand, in the clause: and that he committed none of the offenses the KPK has accused him of. The underlined is Marked and it indicates that this nominalized clause is Complementizer and has a function as the Head, while ‗the KPK‘ is the independent subject but categorized in Rheme. In the realm of dogmatic CDA, as the language users, news media make the sum of reports about the proposition from corruptor ‘s utterances into both reported and quoted speech. It means that this condition can be used for the valid and reliable presentation data to look for the ideology of the media itself. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 9 Newspaper articles also provide abundant examples of the ideological significance. This paper intentionally makes overt The Jakarta news writers ‘ concept in constructing and evaluating a report related to political participants and actors in a news text. Due to the process of assuming corruption scandal, there must be parts of event that needss to be deleted or added in order to make a logical and a chronological story. A problem appears when the journalists are commonly non-native English speakers in which their English ability must be in the same degree of natives ‘ English competence to make a good arranged of English news text. Although their mental lexicons are different with the English natives, their ideas and structures of writing hereby are built in the realm of English language. It can make sense that the journalists can influence the English readers to disagree about the corruption scandals or cases. Van Dijk 1997 states that basic frameworks of social cognition should be able shared by members of social groups and three kinds of unconscious human elements of cognition in order to cover news writers ‘ ideologies can be met. His three-previous-terms are a symbol, representation, and language. They are best indicators in constitute and organize an ideological scheme that represents self-definition of a group. In addition, Fairclough 1998 optimizes that the lexis and rhetoric on the language used of news article do not only represent symbol but also power to dominate others. For simplification, the text has a mean to construct a language which is intended for hegemonic control. Since this study tends to be more mediated political discourse, the research in both Media Discourse and Corruption Discourse are good to use as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 10 the previous studies. Here two researchers who are interested in analyzing the discourse analysis of Media by using SFG as the fundamental of structural analysis to conduct a CDA study as the approach to use. The first is Matu and Lubbe 2007. They examine the application of two approaches from discourse analysis, that is, the ideological square from CDA which analyzes consistency and relevancy of Kenya print media ‘s idea; and transitivity of Halliday. The component of SFG in the representational clause analysis of political parties in the 1997 elections intend to show how political groups in the sense of us vs them and the representational processes of transitivity can construct ideological discourse. The second is Akinwotu 2014. He compares only the discursive strategies in the media interviews of participants in the January 2012 crisis on the removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria. The framework of CDA examines a total of ten media interviews of government spokespersons and protesters on the rationality of government ‘s action. His research shows that the government spokespersons deploy blackmail containing opinion and defensive rhetoric, while protesters utterances are characterized as a threat to government by using combat and condemnatory rhetoric. Manipulative persuasion strategies of solidarity and framing are significantly used by those parties. It is interesting since Corruption Discourse is an integrated part of Political Discourse which is mediated through the media. It is said as Mediated Political Discourse, stated in ‗Media Discourse‘ in Fairclough 1995: 77. There are few Indonesia researchers conduct CDA framework in political fields in order to find the ideology of Indonesian Newspaper in reporting corruption cases. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 11 Mardikantoro 2014 analyzes the attitudinal study of how Kompas, Koran Tempo, Republika, Jawa Pos and Suara Merdeka have their own point of view in reporting the corruption cases, especially in the editorial. The ideologies are found within Fairclough ‘s Framing. Firstly Koran Tempo in the two editorials shows its disagreement about misleading two suspects into custody. They are Indar Atmanto, an ex-Indosat director who sentenced as the accused in the corruption case instead of a witness informing the corruption case; and of Brigjen Heru Sukrisno, who lately give back the corruption document of military ‗Fokker F-50‘ project he had examined. Secondly, Koran Tempo, Kompas, Republika, Jawa Pos and Suara Merdeka show their support to some corruption cases which involving Nazarrudin, Wiendu Nuryanti, Fathonah and Gayus Tambunan. Saputri and Suratnoaji 2015 examine a CDA study in Seputar Indonesia and Jawa Pos covering the ruling party leader corruption. They found that the discursive strategies construe and the ideological goals probe Anas Urbaningrum AU, the former ruling Democrat Party leader corruption case before the 2014 general election was held. Seputar Indonesia Sindo texts are defending AU by presenting very systematic and consistent discourse patterns even after the Corruption Eradication Commission KPK sentenced AU a suspect in corruption and money laundering cases. Jawa Pos texts, in contrary, is emphasizing law enforcement for AU corruption case trying to elaborate the attacking comments from some party senior cadres to AU that make the reputation of Democrat party significantly dropped. 12 From the elaboration of the background of this study in the previous paragraphs, this paper intends to observe the written form of language use in news articles of corruption cases in The Jakarta Post TJP with Systemic Functional Grammar. The analysis of Halliday ‘s SFG, i.e. the clause as message textual metafunction, the clause as exchange interpersonal metafunction and the clause as representation experiential metafunction in the newspaper TJP generally attracting public attention of corruption cases done by ministries; are still in the line with the goal of CDA: finding out the ideology of news text that relates to the power, control, inequality, hegemony and oppression in language system by considering the situational context behind it van Dijk, 1993 and Wodak, 1995.

1.2 Research Questions

This study intends to answer the following questions: 1. What social wrongs do The Jakarta Post texts reveal in Suryadharma Ali‘s and Sutan Bhatoegana‘s corruption case? 2. What ideologies do The Jakarta Post texts reflect in Suryadharma Ali‘s and Sutan Bhatoegana‘s corruption case?

1.3 Research Objectives

The first objective of this study is to determine what social wrong is. Fairclough 2001: 135 defines that CDA should focus upon social problems and have the emancipatory objectives. The focus upon the problem deals with controversial and debated matter indicating the condition of oppressed group versus the dominant. The problem whether society does really need the existence of KPK is questioning recently. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 13 Since KPK posits as the oppressive subject compared to the Representatives, the problem considers being depoliticization of democracy. Several trials to limit anti-corruption movements emerge in macro-political behavior. Representatives‘ policy about the draft of Commission Law no. 302002 considers being the gap between power stakeholders, for instance, KPK and National Police in enforcing the law. The indication to find out the depoliticization of democracy, social context is needed rather than the text itself to get broad perspective on the social order p. 139. The feasibility to understand the effect of TJP ideologies can reflect the representation of social cognition about corruption. The second objective is to reveal the ideologies of TJP about former ministries ‘ corruptions. In the relations of power, there exists a common sense idea sustaining unequal quality that could lead to social causes or problems Fairclough, 1998. The critical analysis of corruption discourse relying on SFG, become the framework to give prominence on corruption context in an analysis of text. The concept of ‗hegemony‘ and ‗power‘ can usefully be used in analyzing orders of discourse Fairclough, 1997. The lexico-grammatical, semantic choices and syntactic structures concern to be the language marker to convey that in a discourse; the power imbalance and domination can be created to control the hegemony by using strategies, as what Bourdieu 2010 and van Dijk 1997 state ―unconsciously the news recipients are under control to agree or disagree about the news and the consideration of oppression is being denied, if the accumulation of capitals are in the hand of political leaders and medi a‖. TJP as media plays its alignment to politicize the discourse within the news article. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 14 The third objective is to seek the exploration of language metafunctions of ideational. Halliday 2004 in ideational function defines the transitivity approach TA deals with how the experiential metafunction of meaning is realized. Halliday argues that TA in the clause as representation has aims to put the experience of the world in the form of language. In this function, the language user has many choices in relying his experience of the world, in here the events of a corruption scandal, on the form of systemic language. The fourth objective is to explain why the language users in clarifying the text whether animate e.g. corruptor, delegate andor inanimate e.g. corruption cases, allegation uses certain vocabularies and patterns to express their ideas based on their real-world experience. Halliday 2004 calls it as the interpersonal function of metalanguage. The journalists receive the info from speakers ‘ message, and as the language user, they write the message into a well-structured news article, especially the use of certain modal and tense. Stitcher and Wodak 2000 define that the concept of meaning in which ‗part of a complex process of discourse formation ‘ are produced and reproduced in a dialectical process of negotiation. The written articles in here are observed to find the processes of news writers ‘ choice of certain linguistic features which consist of linear organization of words in a clause as an exchange. The fifth objective is to find out the Theme what the speaker selects for ‗grounding‘ he or she is going on to say in creating relevance to context. A clause has a meaning as a message, a quantum of information in the flow of discourse. The theme is the element that serves as the point of message departure and is indicated only by position in the clause, in English is common put it in the 15 first. The speaker enables to choose the Theme as his or her point of departure to guide the addressee in developing an interpretation of the message. The thematic message which is observed as Marked also the Unmarked ones may help the researcher to gather information about what is the prominent message, enables herself as the addressee to process the message.

1.4 Research Benefits

This study has both theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically, this study gives the contribution to the development of Critical Discourse Analysis of corruption, especially in Indonesia. The discourse taken from newspaper media The Jakarta Post TJP are analyzed in the angle of mode, field, and tenor values. The findings of this metafunctional language can present how vocabulary choices, build-up sentences, and word meanings are part of the discursive practice that might carry certain ideologies as the representation of Indonesian reality in promoting anti-corruption movement. The limited analysis of reported and quoted speeches of corruptor written by TJP can be beneficial for the next researchers that the evidence of language strategies presupposition of the suspect, e.g. frequent denial and innocent expression of corruptors indicate media‘s alignment framing the texts. This research also gives the contribution that the corruption cannot be identified as common social practice but a crime against the life of civil. Eradicating corruption to the entire sectors in so many parts of governmental and private institutions has to be a good initial step since Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono created KPK. Nowadays it is like the civil war against corruption. The linguistic manipulation is employed sometimes to cause turmoil in society. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 16 The journalists, however, has the legitimation to report the case, to quote the utterances and to produce texts; and the researcher also can play role as the addressee of information has an opportunity to criticize agreedisagree. The main tool to analyze the written texts is the metafunction analysis, and the research on CDA based on SFG that news text has its own alignments to oppose or to support anti corruption, is applicable to be used in text analysis. Titscher and Wodak 2000 explicitly agree that Fairclough ‘s CDA is related to the grammatical construction of Michael Halliday ‘s Systemic Functional linguistics that language is dealt with social interaction, and the dialectical process, the cultural and historical acts of meaning making are essential to provide as data text. By observing the linguistic structure and applying the SFG approach, the relation between text and the social circumstances will be relatable in accordance with each other. Practically, this research helps, first, the academic reader comprehend the language use in how the messages are expressed and interconnected the ideas. Fairclough 1997 defines languages used, as well as other semiotic systems, are a particular type of social structure that use to be a felicity. Through syntactic level, the meanings of corruption action moments in news article can be expressed in the concept of socio-political interaction which takes part linguistic form. It also, second, gives a contribution that by using linguistic approach the crime in the framing of news text can be justified clearly even before the investigation continues to the decision court level. If the use of the language of speakers is intelligible enough, the misconception and misunderstanding will be avoided. Finally, the relationship between discourse