The Network of Social Practices
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There are several practices to represent the knowledge and attitudes of society. In representing the shared opinion, TJP briefly places itself to be the one
pointing out several KPK weaknesses in SDA case. There are three ideologies indicating the social representations. First ideology is limitation
of KPK‘s authority. In this part, TJP tends to use two language strategies in order to
organize the reader‘s attitude toward the case: first, focus on the actor‘s defiance andor scare of KPK detention and second, focus on
actor‘s trivial things to avoid the law enforcement.
Since KPK gets SDA dealt with the sum of accusations, the need to emphasize the power vs. powerless group appears in case of fulfilling
investigation process. There are statements showing actor‘s defiance andor scare
of KPK detention. For example: 3.
Charge denials of
KPK a.
Focus on the
contradict- ion
12 6.74
―It is untrue that my client is afraid of being
detained. 19, V, A He is more than ready to
face today
‘s questioning,
but confusion with the summons letter prevented
him from coming. 20, V, A
It says he will be questioned as a
„witness‟ in the case but in fact,
his status is a s a „suspect‟,‖ 23, V, A
―My client remains adamant that he is
innocent in this case and that he committed none
of the offenses the KPK has accused him of,
‖ Humphrey said.
28, VIII, C PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
68
6.
Suryadharma‘s lawyer, however, denied speculation that his client did not comply with the KPK summons because he was afraid of being
detained. 16, IV, A 7.
It is untrue that my client is afraid of being detained. 18, V, A
8.
KPK spokesman PriharsaNugraha lashed out at Suryadharma for using the typographical error as an excuse to defy questioning. 31, XIII, A
Clause 6 has indirect statement while clause 7 is more direct in the form of
quotation. However, afraid of being detained tends to be more explicit teasing
SDA steps to avoid the KPK summon for investigation. It is also proven by the argument of SDA lawyer, Andreas Nahot
Silitonga, using ―untrue‖ to protest the
journalist statement aware that he could be detained. TJP intends to show the
SDA ‘s attitude is more powerful because he can defy for third times KPK
summons. Meanwhile, in sentence 8, in the social practice level, KPK surprisingly
becomes powerless, indicated by as an excuse to defy questioning. Based on the
Criminal Law Procedures Code Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara PidanaKUHAP article 184 verse 1, the valid forms of proof are witness
information, expert information, letters, clues and accused information. KPK works in the proper mechanism. If the court will later sentence false the
investigation, justify the guilty and finally allow the plaintiff to present prima facie evidence; it is strongly enough to detain a person commit to offenses, at
least, two valid forms of proof which are proven facts. The defendant cannot avoid, defy, and use any trivial things to postpone the legal process. In the
conclusion, in SDA case TJP wants to tell the reader that KPK is being oppressed. Second ideology is an unfavorable situation to KPK. In this part, TJP
journalists use two kinds of language strategies to persuade the readers about the powerless of KPK: first, focus on the propaganda action and second, emphasize
69
the KPK obedience to the law . These strategies can be related to depoliticization ‒
the involvement of ‗others‘ legitimizing the plan for degrading KPK‘s authority. How TJP framing the news focuses also on this ad-hoc institution. For example:
9.
The KPK is now facing a total paralysis since its four commissioners were charged with criminal offenses 26, VI, A
10. Separately, KPK acting chairman Taufiqurrahman Ruki said that he
respected Suryadharma ‘s move to challenge his legal status, but refused
to say whether KPK investigators would temporarily freeze investigations until the court had made a decision on Suryadharma
‘s pretrial petition. 44, XII, C
Clauses 9 and 10 indicate a set of SDA‘s political strategies against KPK. ‗A total paralysis‘ in clause 9 can represent that commissioners‘ criminal offenses impact
the procedural code. These commissioners were selected by the Representatives with president agreement, otherwise, considered then as corruptors. KPK has not
any decision to state guilty the accused but only provides with valid proofs. Before the proofs and other documents are processed and handed to the court, five
commissioners must give allowance. ‗Temporarily freeze investigations‘ in clause 10 relat
es to 9. It indicates that KPK‘s investigation team towards SDA case must continue even if its four commissioners commit to several criminal offenses.
Researcher summarizes that KPK needs more support through strict policy. Charge denials of KPK become the third ideology and the language
use intends to focus on the contradiction. The corruptor and the ally speeches then appear as an attempt to convince TJP reader with suspicion and
resistance. The more blatant the attempts are showed by the speaker, the deeper the suspicion Partington, 2003. The SDA propositions, firstly, express his idea
and opinion about the case interestingly might influence the addressee that he is still innocent. The way how media act and react the social realities of corruption
70
are showed by TJP journalists while narrating the news story, for example, SDA
‘s modus operandi MO is showed by blatant, stark, dramatic statements below:
11.
―You just don‘t know how much it hurts to be a graft suspect. 8, III, C
12.
It‘s like a stab in the heart. 9, III, C
13.
The suspect status hurts not only me but my whole family, including my children and wife, and PPP voters,
‖ Suryadharma said during a press conference on Monday. 10, III, C
The clauses below show how corruptors always try to win in a political arena. The metaphor SDA
‘s psychological effect appears after he was accused
guilty. The using of metaphor a stab in the heart expresses that the status of
‗a graft suspect
‘ seems to target only him and the people surround him. This seems like an intentional betrayal action from the people against him to ruin his ordinary
life the using of my whole family, my children, and wife and especially his
political popularity in PPP the United Development PartyPartai Persatuan
Pembangunan. The implication of PPP voters refers to this party reputation. As
one of the biggest Islamic Party in Indonesia, this noun phrase indicates that PPP seems to be incapable of dissuading its adherents from not getting involved in
corruption and similar types of abuses. However, SDA shows his feeling of being sad and oppressed by using verb
‗hurt‘ OALD8. The using of ‗You‘ indicates that the journalist is on the opposition side against him. The presentation of SDA
quoted speech can narrate the reader that the KPK decision to accuse and to
target him of being a graft suspect is an effort eradicating corruption, but
arrogant, rude and shameless. KPK seems doing misbehave and this situation can influence the suspect psychology.
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Moreover, Humphrey Djemat, SDA ‘s lawyer expresses the same idea about
the client ‘s innocence. Here the clauses that represent the proposition:
14.
―It is untrue that my client is afraid of being detained. 19, V, A
15.
He is more than ready to face today‘s questioning, but confusion
with the summons letter prevented him from coming. 20, V, A 16.
It says he will be questioned as a „witness‟ in the case but in fact, his status is as a
„suspect‟,‖ 23, V, A
17.
―My client remains adamant that he is innocent in this case and that he committed none of the offenses the KPK has accused him of,
‖ Humphrey said. 28, VIII, C
The denial propositions are expressed in the quotation by the actor and the lawyer in various forms of clauses. In relation to that of truths and lies, Halliday 2014
suggests that all contrasts in the grammatical system are binary oppositions or Greimas 1983 calls them binary semic categories that can be arbitrary unless the
discursive of language level is significantly interrelated. According to the clauses 14 up to 17, the SDA lawyer, Humphrey Djemat, explicitly said that KPK is
wrong or mistaken and SDA is right and innocent. The binary opposition can be used to explain the semantic meaning of his proposition below.
Table 4.2 Binary Semic of Humphrey Djemat‟s Propositions
No. KPK VS.
SDA 1.
KPK has named SA a suspect. SDA is innocent.
2. KPK has accused him of.
SDA commit to none of the offenses.
3. KPK does not compile strong
evidence. SDA remains adamant
On the left column, it can be concluded that KPK is on the opposition side to SDA and the ally. KPK tends to be a superior but seems like to lessen its authority,
trying further to prosecute SDA by giving respect to every SDA legal move. On the other row, SDA is a victim, powerless, but shows rigid attitudes to deny KPK
in the context of law enforcement. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
72
In the position of the researcher being a news reader to decide whether SDA is innocent or not, the analysis of binary opposition intends to use. It means
the available proven lexical andor grammatical items in the text contradict or oppose to each other in such phenomenon. Table 4.3 below summarizes the simple
analysis of binary opposition from text A which contains the quoted speech from another SDA
‘s lawyer, Andreas Nahot Silitonga.
Table 4.3 Binary Semic of Andreas Nahot Silitonga ‟s Propositions
No. True VS.
Untrue 1.
Not afraid of being detained Afraid of being detained
2. Unready
More than ready 3.
Certainty with the summons letter Confusion with the summons letter
4. Oblige him from coming
Prevented him from coming Rhetorical structure in lexicogrammatical items above defines as the
‗arts of persuasive discourse
‘ or rhetoric. The use of words by Andreas intends to form attitudes or to cause actions. Osisamwo in Akinwotu 2012: 97 names this
tactic as ―Hedging‖ to response the chaotic situation. It states that this discursive
strategy used by the speaker has aimed to avoid committing oneself to a proposition or to avoid giving a direct answer to a question. However, it implies
to affect the behavior of the addressee. It is interesting since the lawyer promises to show prima facie evidence
that ‗he would present a number of witnesses and experts to convince the panel of
judges at the court ‘ 25, VII, C. Based on the legal dictionary, prima facie refers
to a lawsuit or criminal prosecution in which the evidence before trial is sufficient unless there is substantial contradictory evidence presented to a
Grand Jury at trial retrieved from http:dictionary.law.com
on May 5th, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
73
2016. He actually demands showing the strong evidence in front of the court. His statement argues that this is just a tactic recently to avoid the detainment
because KPK investigators have reached the last phase of the investigation into him.
It is stated in the Criminal Law Procedures Code Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara PidanaKUHAP article 184 verse 1, the valid forms of proof are
witness information, expert information, letters, clues and accused information. If Humphrey, as SDA official lawyer, is able to show at least two valid forms of
proof which are facts; SDA who never be detained in the prison will be released. Stated in the Criminal Law Procedures Code article 183 regulating the accused
criminal prosecution, the guiltiness must be proved to the Judge at least minimum two valid forms of proof. Then the judicial panel may hear and grant an
appeal from SDA in the pretrial court. The problem is that the South Jakarta Court has not already decided the schedule for SDA pretrial hearing.
The ideological statements and language strategy in Sutan Bathoegana SB news articles are quite different rather than in SDA. By employing Fairclough
‘s three-dimensional framework, the researcher provides a readable analysis of SB
articles in order to understand the ideologies and the language strategies which are considered being the social and discursive practices. Table 4.4 below summarizes
the ideologies, TJP‘s strategy, the occurrence percentage and the examples based on three SB news articles.
Table 4.4 Summary of the Ideologies and Language Strategies in SB Articles No. Ideology
No TJP ‘s
Strategy No. of
Occurrence Example of Clauses
1.
KPK is still a powerful
a.
Being strict to the law
22 15.27
KPK detains Sutan Bhatoegana 1, I, D
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There are several practices to represent the knowledge and attitudes representing the
society. Interestingly in SB‘s case, TJP tends to focus, first, the sustainable of KPK‘s power is the major topic and, second, a possibility for
degrading KPK‘s authority. There are three ideologies indicating the social
body enforcement
The detention of Sutan came one week after the antigraft
body pledged to complete all high-profile graft cases,
including Sutan
‘s, before the tenure of current KPK leaders
— Abraham Samad, Bambang Widjojanto, Adnan Pandu
Praja, and Zulkarnain —
expired in December. 5, II, E Democratic Party central
board member Benny Kabur Harman said the party had
anticipated that the Corruption Eradication
Commission KPK would move to arrest senior Dems
politician Sutan Bhatoegana. 3, I, F
2. Limitation of
KPK ‘s
Authority a.
Focus on the actor
‘s scared of
KPK detention
4 2.7
Sutan denied the claims, stating that nobody from
Commission VII had instructed his staff to demand
money from Rudi. 18, VIII, D
After around 10 hours of questioning, Sutan declined to
make any comment on his arrest, simply saying that he
would follow all the legal procedures in his case. 20,
V, E
b.
Focus on the contradiction
7 4.86 ―I am following the
procedures.
Whether I am guilty or not, let
‘s wait for the trial,
‖ 19, III, D
―I will follow all the procedures. 25, VI, E
Let
‘s leave it to the court, which has the authority to
decide whether I am guilty or not,
‖ 26, VI, E
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representations. First ideology is that KPK is still a powerful body. In this part, TJP tends to use a language strategy in order to organize the reader‘s attitude
toward the case: Being strict to the law enforcement. It is interesting when the researcher
found KPK‘s probability to win the political arena against SB. For example:
18.
The detention of Sutan came one week after the antigraft body pledged to complete all high-profile graft cases, including Sutan
‘s, before the tenure of current KPK leaders
— Abraham Samad, Bambang Widjojanto, Adnan Pandu Praja, and Zulkarnain
— expired in December. 5, II, E 19.
The Corruption Eradication Commission KPK detained Sutan
Bhatoegana, the former head of the House of Representatives Commission VII overseeing energy, in Jakarta on Monday evening after
a nine-hour questioning session.
Based on the clause 18, the context of law enforcement happened while the case of four commissioners was still on demand. The bold phrase ‗pledged to complete
all high- profile graft cases‘ can describe that temporary substitution KPK leaders
who are Abraham Samad, Bambang Widjojanto, Adnan Pandu Praja and Zulkarnain
must handle and close SB‘s case until the court made a decision.
Through a nine-hour questioning session in clause 19, KPK is assumed as the
independent institution detaining the accused commit to corruption. Since SB is
the former head of the House of Representatives Commission VII overseeing energy, the effect of this ideology to reader raises a possibility. If KPK is the
super body , this institution would be ‗cutting down the selected trees‘. KPK can
cut off the corruption line in the Representatives circumstance unequally because of political aims.
The second ideology is the limitation of KPK‘s authority. This ideology is totally opposed to the first. When KPK‘s duties are stopped in the level of
examining the case at the court, the possibility for accused avoiding the sentence PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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might be successful. If the court will later sentence false the investigation, justify the guilty and finally allow the plaintiff to present prima facie evidence; it is
strongly enough to detain a person commit to offences, at least, two valid forms of proof which are proven facts the Criminal Law Procedures CodeKitab Undang-
Undang Hukum Acara PidanaKUHAP article 184 verse 1. For example: 20.
Sutan denied the claims, stating that nobody from Commission VII had instructed his staff to demand money from Rudi. 18, VIII, D
In the clause 20, the claims are still in the process of KPK investigation.
KPK becomes powerless in the examination level because Sutan still has a right to remain silent until the court sentences him guilty or not. This
ideology impacts that in conducting an investigation, KPK must respect to SB at least. The particular social and discursive practices at corruption
issue here are integrated into a powerful network. The next analysis will explain that the particular focus of discourse analysis should be analyzed
in more detail. In conclusion, the researcher should be objective in this analysis stage.