Ideologies of The Jakarta Post`s news on corruption of Suryadharma Ali and Sutan Bhatoegana: a critical discourse analysis.

ABSTRACT

Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah. 2017. Ideologies of The Jakarta Post’s News on Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s Corruption Case: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that examines the ideologies of The Jakarta Post (TJP) reporting corruption cases of Suryadharma Ali (SDA), the former religious affairs minister, and Sutan Bathoegana (SB), the former head of Commission VII on energy at the House of Representatives. The lexicogrammatical choices in the news text determine how TJP put itself in the middle of discourse flow especially about corruption of SDA and SB in order to attain critical understanding of the news analysis.

Since this study is CDA study, the employment of a linguistic tool ‘Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG)’ is applied to further find the language features as evidences while conducting the discourse analysis. Two research questions remain to start the analysis in this study. The first question is What social wrongs do The Jakarta Post texts reveal in Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s corruption case? and the second is What ideologies do The Jakarta Post texts reflect in Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s corruption case?

There are some theories that are used to answer the research question: critical discourse analysis, ideology, language and symbolic power, media discourse, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK/Komisi Pemberantas Korupsi) and The Jakarta Post (TJP). Those theories are related to one another in order to frame the analysis of ideology and discursive practice in the news articles.

The analytical framework helps this research to analyze the data by using three-dimensional framing of Fairclough. In the textual analysis, SFG is intentionally used to describe the meanings of ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) and textual (mode). The transitivity analysis of material, mental, verbal, relational and existential processes is employed in the ideational metafunction. The modality analysis is employed in the interpersonal metafunction, meanwhile conjunction and topic (thematic) analyses are in the textual metafunction. The findings of language features from textual analysis are used to interpret the discursive practice then the results are used to explain in the analysis of socio-cultural practice. The criticism is produced by employing five stages of Roy Bhaskar’s explanatory critique after these three dimensions of framing finish to be analyzed.

From the results of mode analysis, language strategies are then produced as discourse elements. The language strategies of journalists are indicated as discursive practice. They are focus on the actor’s defiance and scared of KPK detention, focus on actor’s trivial things to avoid the law enforcement, being strict to the law enforcement, focus on the contradiction, focus on the propaganda action and emphasize the KPK obedience to the law / legal process. The reproduction and the representation of corruption discourse are definitely found after these strategies show up on social practice analysis dealing with ideology.

However, SDA and SB news articles have different ideologies. The ideologies from SDA news articles are limitation of KPK’s authority, unfavorable situation to KPK and charge denials of KPK. On the other hand, the ideologies from SB news articles are the powerful KPK and limitation of KPK’s authority. The set of beliefs that TJP puts in corruption discourse will support mostly the readers especially the foreigner readers’ point of view about Indonesia socio-political condition which influence the economy stability in the country. This study

and/or discriminated KPK within the claim of degrading KPK authority in the draft revision of the Commission Law no. 30/ 2002 controlling and supervising the systematical working of KPK itself but also to support KPK becoming more powerful in order to eradicate corruption.

Keywords: Systemic Functional Grammar, Critical Discourse Analysis, Corruption Eradication Commission, Social Wrong, Ideology, Corruption

IDEOLOGIES OF THE JAKARTA POST’S NEWS ON

CORRUPTION OF SURYADHARMA ALI AND SUTAN

BHATOEGANA: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree

in English Language Studies

by

Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah 136332028

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

IDEOLOGIES OF THE JAKARTA POST’S NEWS ON

CORRUPTION OF SURYADHARMA ALI AND SUTAN

BHATOEGANA: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree

in English Language Studies

by

Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah 136332028

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the middle of 2013, I decided to move to Yogyakarta and accidentally continued my study in English. Being enrolled as a student at Sanata Dharma University is Qodr, a gracious fate. I believe to Allah the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful that my decision to study English linguistics, though hard and difficult to do, can bring Barakah to many people especially me.

I express so much thank for my thesis advisor Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. His friendly and kind-hearted manners show his integrity not only to teach but also to educate me. Being helped, pushed, supported and motivated by him gives me a chance to do and to finish this CDA research. I also thank the thesis reviewers Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A and Dr. E. Sunarto, M. Hum. because their help does really improve my writing. I express so much thank to the lecturers in this department, Prof. Soepomo Poedjoseodarmo, M.A., FX. Mukarto, Ph.D., Dr. F. X. Siswadi, M.A., Dr. J. Bismoko, and Dr. Novita Dewi, M. S., M. A. (Hons).

I also express my gratitude to Dr. Alb. Budi Susanto, S. J., Dr. J. Haryatmoko, S.J., and Dr. G. Budi Subanar, S.J. They gave me many lecturers and discussions about philosophy, culture and social disciplines. Afterward these opportunities helped me to think beyond my knowledge in English education and language.

My deepest gratitude goes to – ignoring R. M. in his initial name – H. Dady Sukoco. I am very blessed being his daughter and grateful for his support to finance also to share many ideas and much time. I also express my tender words to Hj. Sri Haryaningsih. Her blessing and prayer bring me to this stairway. The last but not the least, I thank my siblings, Nur Hasanah S.Pd., Marfuatun a.k.a Mbak Dheno, Atiiqa Hidayah R. A. Amd., M. Anhari Agung W. S.Pd., my beloved little sister, Fauziah Nuri W., my brothers The Late Hendra and Affan, my handsome lovely nephews Fakih, Azka, Athalla, Syauqi, Azzam and Kynan and my cute pretty nieces Aqueena and Ayesha.

My gratefulness also goes to my classmates in KBI 2013 class A, B and C especially Bundo Maria Wulandari and Cik Vivi Muryanti also in Linguistics class, Mbak Mimi, Mbak Rina, Mas Ryan, Mas Tangguh, Joan, Nita, Adria, and Rieta. To KBI staff, Mbak Lely, Siwi, Mbak Marni, Elly and Pak Mul thank you for helping me during my academic time. Finally, I also thank those whom I cannot mention one by one. My prayers are directed to all of you. May the Almighty give you all goodness in health, wealth, family and life path. Amen!

DEDICATION PAGE

inna ma‟al-„usri yusrā Indeed, with hardship [will be] ease.

fa idzā faragta fanshab‟

So when you have finished [your duties], then stand up [for worship]. [QS. Ash-Sharh: Verse 6-7]

innalloha ma‟ash-shobiriin Indeed, Allah is with the patient

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

ADVISOR APPROVAL PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY………..………..iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ………v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vi

DEDICATION PAGE... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xii

ABSTRACT ... xiii

ABSTRAK ... xv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Research Questions ... 12

1.3 Research Objectives ... 12

1.4 Research Benefits ... 15

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ... 18

2.1 Theoretical Review ... 18

2.1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ... 18

2.1.2 Ideology ... 26

2.1.3 Language and Symbolic Power ... 28

2.1.4 Media Discourse ... 31

2.1.5 Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) ... 32

2.1.6 Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) ... 35

2.2 Related Studies ... 39

2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 43

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ... 46

3. 1 Type of the Study ... 46

3.3 Data Analysis ... 50

3.4 Analytical Framework for CDA ... 52

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 55

4.1 Social Wrongs ... 56

4.2 Obstacles to Social Wrong Being Tackled ... 62

4.2.1 The Network of (Social) Practices ... 63

4.2.2 The Relationship of Semiosis to Other Social Elements ... 76

4.2.3 The Discourse or Semiosis ... 81

4.3 The Place of Social Wrong ... 92

4.4 Possible Ways Past the Obstacles ... 93

4.5 Critical Reflection ... 100

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 102

5.1 Conclusions ... 102

5.2 Suggestions ... 110

Bibliography ... 112 Appendices

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 SFG Analysis of Verbal Process ... 30 Table 4.1 Summary of the Ideologies and Language Strategies in SDA Articles ... 61 Table 4.2 Binary Semic of Humphrey Djemat‘s Propositions ... 72 Table 4.3 Binary Semic of Andreas Nahot Silitonga‘s Propositions ...72

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 Suryadharma gets cold feet, skips KPK summons ... 97

APPENDIX 2 Suryadharma defies KPK summons, again ... 99

APPENDIX 3 Ex-minister aims to repeat Budi‘s success ... 101

APPENDIX 4 KPK detains Sutan Bhatoegana ... 103

APPENDIX 5 KPK locks up flamboyant Democratic Party cofounder ... 104

APPENDIX 6 Dems not surprised with Sutan‘s arrest ... 106

APPENDIX 7 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ―Suryadharma gets cold feet, skips KPK summons‖ on February 5th, 2015 ... 107

APPENDIX 8 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ―Suryadharma defies KPK summons, again‖ on February 11st, 2015 ... 111

APPENDIX 9 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ― Ex-minister aims to repeat Budi‘s success‖ on February 24th, 2015... 114

APPENDIX 10 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ―KPK detains Sutan Bhatoegana‖ published on February 2nd, 2015………... 117

APPENDIX 11 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ―KPK locks up flamboyant Democratic Party cofounder‖ published on February 3rd, 2015... 118

APPENDIX 12 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ―Dems not surprised with Sutan‘s arrest‖ published on February 4th, 2015………... 120

ABSTRACT

Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah. 2016. Ideologies of The Jakarta Post’s News on Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s Corruption Case: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University

This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that examines the ideologies of The Jakarta Post (TJP) reporting corruption cases of Suryadharma Ali (SDA), the former religious affairs minister, and Sutan Bathoegana (SB), the former head of Commission VII on energy at the House of Representatives. The lexicogrammatical choices in the news text determine how TJP put itself in the middle of discourse flow especially about corruption of SDA and SB in order to attain critical understanding of the news analysis.

Since this study is CDA study, the employment of a linguistic tool ‗Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG)‘ is applied to further find the language features as evidences while conducting the discourse analysis. Two research questions remain to start the analysis in this study. The first question is What social wrongs do The Jakarta Post texts reveal in Suryadharma Ali‟s and Sutan Bhatoegana‟s corruption case? and the second is What ideologies do The Jakarta Post texts reflect in Suryadharma Ali‟s and Sutan Bhatoegana‟s corruption case?

There are some theories that are used to answer the research question: critical discourse analysis, ideology, language and symbolic power, media discourse, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK/Komisi Pemberantas Korupsi) and The Jakarta Post (TJP). Those theories are related to one another in order to frame the analysis of ideology and discursive practice in the news articles.

The analytical framework helps this research to analyze the data by using three-dimensional framing of Fairclough. In the textual analysis, SFG is intentionally used to describe the meanings of ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) and textual (mode). The transitivity analysis of material, mental, verbal, relational and existential processes is employed in the ideational metafunction. The modality analysis is employed in the interpersonal metafunction, meanwhile conjunction and topic (thematic) analyses are in the textual metafunction. The findings of language features from textual analysis are used to interpret the discursive practice then the results are used to explain in the analysis of socio-cultural practice. The criticism is produced by employing five stages of Roy Bhaskar‘s explanatory critique after these three dimensions of framing finish to be analyzed.

From the results of mode analysis, language strategies are then produced as discourse elements. The language strategies of journalists are indicated as discursive practice. They are focus on the actor‟s defiance and scared of KPK detention, focus on actor‟s trivial things to avoid the law enforcement, being strict to the law enforcement, focus on the contradiction, focus on the propaganda action and emphasize the KPK obedience to the law / legal process. The reproduction and the representation of corruption discourse are definitely found after these strategies show up on social practice analysis dealing with ideology.

However, SDA and SB news articles have different ideologies. The ideologies from SDA news articles are limitation of KPK‟s authority, unfavorable

situation to KPK and charge denials of KPK. On the other hand, the ideologies from SB news articles are the powerful KPK and limitation of KPK‟s authority. The set of beliefs that TJP puts in corruption discourse will support mostly the readers especially the foreigner readers‘ point of view about Indonesia socio-political condition which influence the economy stability in the country. This study finally shows that TJP contributions can support not only the powerless, minor, marginalized and/or discriminated KPK within the claim of degrading KPK authority in the draft revision of the Commission Law no. 30/ 2002 controlling and supervising the systematical working of KPK itself but also to support KPK becoming more powerful in order to eradicate corruption.

Keywords: Systemic Functional Grammar, Critical Discourse Analysis, Corruption Eradication Commission, Social Wrong, Ideology, Corruption

ABSTRAK

Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah. 2016. Ideologies of The Jakarta Post’s News on Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s Corruption Case: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Yogyakarta: Program Pascasarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penelitian in menggunakan Analisa Wacana Kritis (AWK) yang meneliti tentang ideologi The Jakarta Post (TJP) dalam pemberitaan kasus korupsi Suryadharma Ali (SDA), mantan menteri agama dan Sutan Bathoegana (SB), mantan ketua komisi VII DPR. Pemilihan leksikogramatika dalam teks berita menentukan leberpihakan TJP dalam arus wacana terutaman mengenai korupsi SDA dan SB.

Dikarenakan penelitian ini adalah penelitian AWK, penggunaan alat bahasa yaitu Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG sebagai pisau bedahnya agar dapat mencari fitur bahasa sebagai bukti ketika menganalisa wacana yang ada. Dua perumusan masalah digunakan untuk memulai analisa penelitian ini. Pertanyaan pertama adalah Masalah sosial apa yang muncul dalam teks berita koran The Jakarta Post guna mengungkap kasus korupsi Suryadharma Ali dan Sutan Bhatoegana? dan kedua adalah Ideologi apa yang teks berita koran The Jakarta Post refleksikan dalam kasus korupsi Suryadharma Ali dan Sutan Bhatoegana?

Beberapa teori digunakan untuk dapat membantu menjawab perumusan masalah: analisa wacana kritis, ideologi, bahasa dan kekuatan simbolis, wacana media, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) dan The Jakarta Post (TJP). Teori-teori ini berhubungan satu dengan yang lain guna membingkai analisa ideologi dalam artikel berita.

Kerangka analitis membantu peneliti menganalisa data menggunakan tiga dimensi bingkai milik Fairclough. Dalam analisis teks, SFG sengaja digunakan untuk menjelaskan makna ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) dan textual (mode). Analisis transitivity dari material, mental, verbal, relational dan existential process digunakan dalam ideational metafunction. Analisis modality digunakan dalam interpersonal metafunction, sedangkan kata hubung (conjunction) dan topic (thematic) analysis digunakan dalam textual metafunction. Di dalam analisis proses, penemuan fitur bahasa dari analisis tekstual digunakan untuk menafsirkan praktek wacana dan kemudian hasilnya digunakan untuk menjelaskan analisis praktek sosial. Kritik dihasilkan kemudian dengan menggunakan lima tahap explanatory critique milik Roy Bhaskar setelah analisa tiga dimensi pembingkaian berita milik Fairclough.

Dari hasil analisis tekstual metafungsi, strategi bahasa diproduksi sebagai element wacana. Strategi bahasa jurnalis diindikasikan sebagai praktek wacana, yaitu: fokus terhadap penyangkalan dan ketakutan aktor akan penjara KPK, fokus terhadap hal sepele untuk menghindari penegakan hukum, tegas pada proses penegakan hukum, fokus terhadap kontradiksi, fokus terhadap propaganda dan menekankan pada kepatuhan KPK terhadap hukum. Reproduksi dan representasi dari wacana korupsi ditemukan setelah strategi tersebut muncul dalam analisis praktek sosial yang berhubungan dengan ideologi.

Pemberitaan dalam artikel SDA dan SB memiliki perbedaan ideologi. Ideologi pemberitaan SDA adalah pembatasan kewenangan KPK, situasi yang

pemberitaan SB adalah KPK institusi yang kuat dan pembatasan kewenangan KPK. Keyakinan yang TJP masukkan dalan wacana korupsi akan menciptakan sudut pandang pembaca khususnya pembaca asing mengenai kondisi sosial politik di Indonesia yang dapat mempengaruhi stabilitas ekonomi dan demokrasi di negara ini. Penelitian ini akirnya dapat menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi TJP dapat mendukung tidak hanya ketidakberdayaan KPK dalam kaitannya mengenai kasus pelemahan KPK dalam draft revisi UU KPK no.30/2002 mengontrol dan mengawasi sistematika kerja KPK tetapi juga mendukung KPK supaya lebih kuat dalam mencegah dan memberantas korupsi.

Kata Kunci: Systemic Functional Grammar, Analisa Wacana Kritis, Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, Masalah Sosial, Ideologi, Korupsi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This introductory part presents the research background, research questions, research objectives and research benefits. Research background represents why the study of the topic is worth to study. Research questions are specified to explain what matters this study has to answer. The purposes of this study are clarified in the research objectives. Research benefits are complementary to define so that the readers can relate their ideas with the benefits presented here.

1.1 Background of the Study

The issue of corruption especially for the political purpose in Indonesia continues to make daily headlines in many Indonesian media and generates much heated debate and fierce discussion. The answers are still searched for the questions of corruption whether it has been roots in traditional pre-colonial societies, the Dutch colonial era, the Japanese occupation (1942-1945) or the subsequent independent Indonesian governments.

Related to the previous paragraph that political corruption is still unknown when it is started, an important thing is still believable that certain people who are able to control the hegemony is dominating and prospering in certain circumstance, in spite of, battling for the citizens‘ interest and welfare. Through social and political context, power conducts the more powerful and dominating agents to influence the powerless and being dominated people behavior both consciously and unconsciously. It is the main element of how a discourse indicates politicians‘ ability in dominating public or society is successful applied. By using

tactics in communication, the politician who act as a professional have been successfully persuade or argue the media and its reader depend on, what Bourdieu (1991) says, the accumulation of capitals he acquires and the historical experience of nation. The politician step in a discourse successfully contributes to the object (political practice). It can make slight dividing-line between political consciousness and unconsciousness, also, only the agent of change can make a breakthrough about many political actions or practices that by using a critical analysis; the existence of discursive practice in the discourse involving domination, inequality and power imbalance (van Dijk, 1997).

A discourse has never been autonomous anymore if there is still no analysis production of objectivity. Bourdieu (2010: 170) claimed it as the two-fold sense of what goes without saying and what cannot be said for lack of an available discourse. A critical discourse analysis (CDA) actually is totally opposed and different to the discourse analysis. A CDA analysis has a purpose to take side to a position with the discriminated and / or powerless group. The subjectivity is produced in judging certain practices whether the researcher gives resistance, opposition, complementarity, etc. For instance, the flow of story in a news article ―Suryadharma Unaware of Haj Graft‖ in The Jakarta Post (TJP) on May, 8th 2014 can be used as a bridge to analyze the intertextuality between one to another corruption practices. ―Suryadharma‘s unaware‖ statement is controlled by the journalist based on the factual events of ―Haj Graft‖ to represent a narration of corruption, collusion and nepotism. TJP can persuade the reader that Suryadharma is giving a mark of being innocent and having hands cleaned. However, a text needs other texts whether verbal or non-verbal, and spoken or written; to inform

about power imbalance in governmental structure. In this matter, the chronological events must be on the logical and systematical way so that redlines around the corruption discourse is found. For the simplification, an article has an interrelationship with other articles to gather specific information, in this case, Suryadharma‘s corruption case.

The term authority is often applied for domination in political power, perceived as a legitimate business. On the other hand, power can be also seen as injustice manner for domination (Joseph, 2006) and the exercise of imbalance power is still accepted as a deadly virus to humans as social beings. Criminals who commit crimes and the status is still a witness or suspect under corruption investigation, are possible to break the rules because of his political power and capitals accumulation he has. He also can speak any ―tongue-twister‖ because his ability on using the artful language used so that the quality of messages might influence public attitude.

However, the law has its authority as the more powerful body to arrest. For example, now, the constraint of Indonesia corruptor can stand under the Law of KPK (Corruption Eradication Commission) since Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the Indonesia president in 2004-2014 has made it as the most powerful body charged with the tasks and responsibilities of eradicating Corruption matter, also involving graft, bribe, collusion and nepotism in Indonesia society. Having the legitimation to act under KPK legislation, this body is also supported by professional national and international independent third parties so that it can work efficiently. In addition, the complex strategic to watch every corruptor move in a certain situation and in a given social setting is done by KPK‘s

investigations in order to get arrest sooner the corruptor. Media as public representation, especially TJP in reporting corruption cases, also plays a role in supporting KPK by giving the transparencies of information to the public so that its news can make the reader believes the ideologies behind its text article.

Indirect communication is successfully delivered from the sayer to the receiver if the participant, known as Media, also successfully processes the message/idea and informs it exactly. In order to be able to report and to interpret the utterances of corruptor as a political actor while speaking to the public, journalists as a participant in the communication contexts play a part to contribute to certain belief so the reader or audience can assume and assure about the corruption, the existent of crime phenomenon.

The two main problems of this paper rely on, first, the framing of the language used in The Jakarta Post (TJP) news article especially about the corruption cases of Suryadharma Ali and of Sutan Bathoegana. The framing is intended absolutely to provoke disagreement over the phenomenon of corruption in Indonesia, so that can lead news reader to the certain ideologies. Related to the anti-corruption movement, van Dijk in Putz (2004: 5) has dubbed this perspective as belief systems. The journalists and KPK, however, as the subject of matter and the corruptors as the object of matter have their own cognitive concept and ideology to present their own existence in the mediated political discourse, in which politics is seen by Media as the processes of ‗external‘ determination of professional political discourse (Fairclough in Bell, 1998: 146). KPK has its legitimation to be the most powerful body, on the other hand, the corrupt politicians have their own potency in expressing the means of experiences. As the

conclusion, TJP as the newspaper media has its own authorization in reproduce the experiences and react fairly the representation of world into a piece of newspaper text based on the interpretation of existence, whether it is something or someone.

The second problem is how vocabulary choices and well-ordered sentences in building up sequences of discourse are intended to design and to produce corruption news articles. Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) concerns to how meanings are made in different contexts. Halliday (2004) defines three metafunctional languages of the grammatical system used by the speaker/writer to rely on human experience. First is ideational metafunction

which function of the grammar is ‗language as reflection‘. Starting from his function focuses on ‗language as action‘ how the language used in a text cannot be abused or misused by the language users because it presents the representation of the world. Second is interpersonal metafunction which

function is ‗language as exchange‘. There is a transaction between speaker

and listener. The subject is responsible for the validity of what he is saying about Object. Third is textual metafunction which focuses on how language creates discourse. When the grammar is represented systematically, it constructs not only discourse sequences but also the discursive flow, cohesion, and continuity due to the contexts where the function can mean purpose or way of using language. Those three different functional configurations can make up separate strands of meaning but their relationship construes the whole united meaning of corruption phenomenon objectively. Bourdieu (2010) calls this significance as text autonomy, the lexico-semantic and syntax domains which

play roles in determining the authority of the text instead of free from its producer (writer and utterer).

Between actor and participant, there must be a relevant participant who can take part in the discourse to be criticized, intend to be delivered to audiences or readers. They act as the recipient of politics information (van Dijk 1993: 13). This statement points clearly to the students of linguistics in playing the role as the agent of change to sound the independent judgment about ideological critic in what the journalists reveal about the political corruption. It proposes producing an autonomous text – objectivity – based on the important ―real-life experience‖ meaning. Bourdieu (2010: 170) terms this condition as epoche (French) or epoch (English). It means that a language analyst must take a distance to make trajectory of interpretation buildings by using structural analysis, instead of bracketing the text.

The clauses, not only sentences, are bracketing to speak publicly ―Words wreak havoc‖. That means Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) occurs ―when they (words) find a name for what had up to be namelessly‖ (Sartre in Bourdieu 2008:170) and are reproducing truth in rhetorical frameworks of explicature and implicature (Joseph, 2006: 110-112 and Huang, 2007: 187-197). Fairclough (2010) clarifies the clear ideological text are potentially having: features of vocabulary and metaphors, grammar, presuppositions and implicatures, politeness conventions, speech-exchange system, generic structure, and style. This paper tends also to focus on what Halliday, McIntosh, and Strevens (1964 in Halliday 2004: 33-34) believe in the essence that the environment of meanings in which language, other semiotic systems, and social systems operate. The

linguistic features of mode, field and tenor indicated as multi-dimensional semiotic space are applied to analyze Suryadharma Ali and Sutan Bathoegana the ex-ministers corruption news article of TJP. By employing SFG, the researcher wishes the systemic structural analysis behind the text can be found objectively. Because of the readers‘ authority in receiving information; various assumptions between ‗agree‘ and ‗disagree‘ ‒ probably be just neutral ‒ can appear and reproduce the text they have already read. Since it is impossible for CDA researcher to criticize objectively the ideology found in the text, the analysis of CDA must be sit-in certain subjectivity to prove the truth, revealing ideology.

In analyzing the clauses of a news article in TJP, Halliday‘s transitivity is used as a fundamental and powerful semantic concept. It generally refers to the representational meaning of the clause to show how language users encode in a language their mental picture of reality (assumptions) and how they account for their experience of the world around them (presupposit ions). Since transitivity is dealt with the transmission of ideas, it is considered to fall within the realm of the ideational function (field values) of language.

Halliday‘s transitivity is concerned also with propositional meanings and functions of syntactic elements. The language users play roles to a large amount of the social impact that represents states of being, action, events, and situations concerning a given society. The concept is the speaker or writer, in this case, in a news article, makes the choice from available options to state. It means that his opinion and point of view are ideologically significant and consistent, e.g. by using of certain modality and tense (tenor) as a means to build the relationship between the speaker and the addressee, like in the sentence: he would present

a number of witnesses and experts [to convince the panel of judges at the court]. The inclination modulation would is used to express the writer‘s intention to state the earlier doing-and-happening legal move of corruption suspect while the verb present refers to present tense.

The textual metafunction (mode values) relates to the construction of the text. It means that an enabling or facilitating function construe experience and enact interpersonal relations so the sequence of discourse, the discursive flow, cohesion, and continuity enable to be built up along the context, above the text. The division between semiotic and social activities, between linguistic and semiotic (in language context) activities, the rhetoric, dialogic or monologic turn, written or spoken turn, and channel whether phonic or graphic can be facilitated through mode. In the constraint of meaning, Halliday defines the Theme functions to point the departure for the message. It is the element the speaker selects for ‗grounding‘ what he is going on to say. For example, the using of Unmarked Theme in the clause: and that he committed none of the offenses... The underlined is Unmarked because it has a function as the subject, nominalized clause as Head. On the other hand, in the clause: and that he committed none of the offenses the KPK has accused him of. The underlined is Marked and it indicates that this nominalized clause is Complementizer and has a function as

the Head, while ‗the KPK‘ is the independent subject but categorized in Rheme.

In the realm of dogmatic CDA, as the language users, news media make the sum of reports about the proposition from corruptor‘s utterances into both reported and quoted speech. It means that this condition can be used for the valid and reliable presentation data to look for the ideology of the media itself.

Newspaper articles also provide abundant examples of the ideological significance. This paper intentionally makes overt The Jakarta news writers‘ concept in constructing and evaluating a report related to political participants and actors in a news text. Due to the process of assuming corruption scandal, there must be part(s) of event that needs(s) to be deleted or added in order to make a logical and a chronological story.

A problem appears when the journalists are commonly non-native English speakers in which their English ability must be in the same degree of natives‘ English competence to make a good arranged of English news text. Although their mental lexicons are different with the English natives, their ideas and structures of writing hereby are built in the realm of English language. It can make sense that the journalists can influence the English readers to (dis)agree about the corruption scandals or cases. Van Dijk (1997) states that basic frameworks of social cognition should be able shared by members of social groups and three kinds of unconscious human elements of cognition in order to cover news writers‘ ideologies can be met. His three-previous-terms are a symbol, representation, and language. They are best indicators in constitute and organize an ideological scheme that represents self-definition of a group. In addition, Fairclough (1998) optimizes that the lexis and rhetoric on the language used of news article do not only represent symbol but also power to dominate others. For simplification, the text has a mean to construct a language which is intended for hegemonic control.

Since this study tends to be more mediated political discourse, the research in both Media Discourse and Corruption Discourse are good to use as

the previous studies. Here two researchers who are interested in analyzing the discourse analysis of Media by using SFG as the fundamental of structural analysis to conduct a CDA study as the approach to use. The first is Matu and Lubbe (2007). They examine the application of two approaches from discourse analysis, that is, the ideological square from CDA which analyzes consistency and relevancy of Kenya print media‘s idea; and transitivity of Halliday. The component of SFG in the representational clause analysis of political parties in the 1997 elections intend to show how political groups in the sense of us vs them and the representational processes of transitivity can construct ideological discourse.

The second is Akinwotu (2014). He compares only the discursive strategies in the media interviews of participants in the January 2012 crisis on the removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria. The framework of CDA examines a total of ten media interviews of government spokespersons and protesters on the rationality of government‘s action. His research shows that the government spokespersons deploy blackmail containing opinion and defensive rhetoric, while protesters utterances are characterized as a threat to government by using combat and condemnatory rhetoric. Manipulative persuasion strategies of solidarity and framing are significantly used by those parties.

It is interesting since Corruption Discourse is an integrated part of Political Discourse which is mediated through the media. It is said as Mediated Political Discourse, stated in ‗Media Discourse‘ in Fairclough (1995: 77). There are few Indonesia researchers conduct CDA framework in political fields in order to find the ideology of Indonesian Newspaper in reporting corruption cases.

Mardikantoro (2014) analyzes the attitudinal study of how Kompas, Koran Tempo, Republika, Jawa Pos and Suara Merdeka have their own point of view in reporting the corruption cases, especially in the editorial. The ideologies are found within Fairclough‘s Framing. Firstly Koran Tempo in the two editorials shows its disagreement about misleading two suspects into custody. They are Indar Atmanto, an ex-Indosat director who sentenced as the accused in the corruption case instead of a witness informing the corruption case; and of Brigjen Heru Sukrisno, who lately give back the corruption document of military

‗Fokker F-50‘ project he had examined. Secondly, Koran Tempo, Kompas, Republika, Jawa Pos and Suara Merdeka show their support to some corruption cases which involving Nazarrudin, Wiendu Nuryanti, Fathonah and Gayus Tambunan.

Saputri and Suratnoaji (2015) examine a CDA study in Seputar Indonesia and Jawa Pos covering the ruling party leader corruption. They found that the discursive strategies construe and the ideological goals probe Anas Urbaningrum (AU), the former ruling Democrat Party leader corruption case before the 2014 general election was held. Seputar Indonesia (Sindo) texts are defending AU by presenting very systematic and consistent discourse patterns even after the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) sentenced AU a suspect in corruption and money laundering cases. Jawa Pos texts, in contrary, is emphasizing law enforcement for AU corruption case trying to elaborate the attacking comments from some party senior cadres to AU that make the reputation of Democrat party significantly dropped.

From the elaboration of the background of this study in the previous paragraphs, this paper intends to observe the written form of language use in news articles of corruption cases in The Jakarta Post (TJP) with Systemic Functional Grammar. The analysis of Halliday‘s SFG, i.e. the clause as message (textual metafunction), the clause as exchange (interpersonal metafunction) and the clause as representation (experiential metafunction) in the newspaper TJP generally attracting public attention of corruption cases done by ministries; are still in the line with the goal of CDA: finding out the ideology of news text that relates to the power, control, inequality, hegemony and oppression in language system by considering the situational context behind it (van Dijk, 1993 and Wodak, 1995).

1.2 Research Questions

This study intends to answer the following questions:

1. What social wrongs do The Jakarta Post texts reveal in Suryadharma Ali‘s

and Sutan Bhatoegana‘s corruption case?

2. What ideologies do The Jakarta Post texts reflect in Suryadharma Ali‘s and

Sutan Bhatoegana‘s corruption case?

1.3 Research Objectives

The first objective of this study is to determine what social wrong is. Fairclough (2001: 135) defines that CDA should focus upon social problems and have the emancipatory objectives. The focus upon the problem deals with controversial and debated matter indicating the condition of oppressed group versus the dominant. The problem whether society does really need the existence of KPK is questioning recently.

Since KPK posits as the oppressive subject compared to the Representatives, the problem considers being depoliticization of democracy. Several trials to limit anti-corruption movements emerge in macro-political behavior. Representatives‘ policy about the draft of Commission Law no. 30/2002 considers being the gap between power stakeholders, for instance, KPK and National Police in enforcing the law. The indication to find out the depoliticization of democracy, social context is needed rather than the text itself to get broad perspective on the social order (p. 139). The feasibility to understand the effect of TJP ideologies can reflect the representation of social cognition about corruption.

The second objective is to reveal the ideologies of TJP about former ministries‘ corruptions. In the relations of power, there exists a common sense idea sustaining unequal quality that could lead to social causes or problems (Fairclough, 1998). The critical analysis of corruption discourse relying on SFG, become the framework to give prominence on corruption context in an analysis of text. The concept of ‗hegemony‘ and ‗power‘ can usefully be used in analyzing orders of discourse (Fairclough, 1997). The lexico-grammatical, semantic choices and syntactic structures concern to be the language marker to convey that in a discourse; the power imbalance and domination can be created to control the hegemony by using strategies, as what Bourdieu (2010) and van Dijk (1997) state

―unconsciously the news recipients are under control to agree or disagree about the news and the consideration of oppression is being denied, if the accumulation of capitals are in the hand of political leaders and media‖. TJP as media plays its alignment to politicize the discourse within the news article.

The third objective is to seek the exploration of language metafunctions of ideational. Halliday (2004) in ideational function defines the transitivity approach (TA) deals with how the experiential metafunction of meaning is realized. Halliday argues that TA in the clause as representation has aims to put the experience of the world in the form of language. In this function, the language user has many choices in relying his experience of the world, in here the events of a corruption scandal, on the form of systemic language.

The fourth objective is to explain why the language users in clarifying the text whether animate e.g. corruptor, delegate and/or inanimate e.g. corruption cases, allegation uses certain vocabularies and patterns to express their ideas based on their real-world experience. Halliday (2004) calls it as the interpersonal function of metalanguage. The journalists receive the info from speakers‘ message, and as the language user, they write the message into a well-structured news article, especially the use of certain modal and tense. Stitcher and Wodak (2000) define that the concept of meaning in which ‗part of a complex process of discourse formation‘ are produced and reproduced in a dialectical process of negotiation. The written articles in here are observed to find the processes of news writers‘ choice of certain linguistic features which consist of linear organization of words in a clause as an exchange.

The fifth objective is to find out the Theme what the speaker selects for

‗grounding‘ he or she is going on to say in creating relevance to context. A clause has a meaning as a message, a quantum of information in the flow of discourse. The theme is the element that serves as the point of message departure and is indicated only by position in the clause, in English is common put it in the

first. The speaker enables to choose the Theme as his or her point of departure to guide the addressee in developing an interpretation of the message. The thematic message which is observed as Marked also the Unmarked ones may help the researcher to gather information about what is the prominent message, enables herself as the addressee to process the message.

1.4 Research Benefits

This study has both theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically, this study gives the contribution to the development of Critical Discourse Analysis of corruption, especially in Indonesia. The discourse taken from newspaper media The Jakarta Post (TJP) are analyzed in the angle of mode, field, and tenor values. The findings of this metafunctional language can present how vocabulary choices, build-up sentences, and word meanings are part of the discursive practice that might carry certain ideologies as the representation of Indonesian reality in promoting anti-corruption movement. The limited analysis of reported and quoted speeches of corruptor written by TJP can be beneficial for the next researchers that the evidence of language strategies (presupposition) of the suspect, e.g. frequent denial and innocent expression of corruptors indicate media‘s alignment framing the texts.

This research also gives the contribution that the corruption cannot be identified as common social practice but a crime against the life of civil. Eradicating corruption to the entire sectors in so many parts of governmental and private institutions has to be a good initial step since Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono created KPK. Nowadays it is like the civil war against corruption.

The journalists, however, has the legitimation to report the case, to quote the utterances and to produce texts; and the researcher also can play role as the addressee of information has an opportunity to criticize agree/disagree. The main tool to analyze the written texts is the metafunction analysis, and the research on CDA based on SFG that news text has its own alignments to oppose or to support (anti) corruption, is applicable to be used in text analysis. Titscher and Wodak (2000) explicitly agree that Fairclough‘s CDA is related to the grammatical construction of Michael Halliday‘s Systemic Functional linguistics that language is dealt with social interaction, and the dialectical process, the cultural and historical acts of meaning making are essential to provide as data text. By observing the linguistic structure and applying the SFG approach, the relation between text and the social circumstances will be relatable in accordance with each other.

Practically, this research helps, first, the academic reader comprehend the language use in how the messages are expressed and interconnected the ideas. Fairclough (1997) defines languages used, as well as other semiotic systems, are a particular type of social structure that use to be a felicity. Through syntactic level, the meanings of corruption action moments in news article can be expressed in the concept of socio-political interaction which takes part linguistic form. It also, second, gives a contribution that by using linguistic approach the crime in the framing of news text can be justified clearly even before the investigation continues to the decision court level. If the use of the language of speakers is intelligible enough, the misconception and misunderstanding will be avoided. Finally, the relationship between discourse

and social practice and other elements or ‗moments‘ of social events classified as semiotics, produces the textual emergence against corruption.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter consists of three divisions. The first is literature review which displays the theories underlying this research that identified as the main tools to answer the research questions. The second is the related studies that focus on previous studies which are in the same interest and area with this research. The third is the theoretical framework of how the theories are elaborated to answer the research questions.

2.1 Theoretical Review

This part shows the theories that are used to clarify the research topic. Those are Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Ideology, Language and Symbolic Power, Media Discourse and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG).

2.1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) concerns with relations of power, ideology, and inequality in language. CDA becomes one of the most influential and visible schools of Discourse Analysis (DA) in order to represent a more general process of convergence in theories and practices of research on social and language. Between CDA and DA, there is a discrepancy to determine. Bloomaert and Bulcaen (2000) define that discourse refers to a text in context. It is the contexts which can produce the emergence of texts. However, It is a complicated power object in modern societies that need to be analyzed as a medium of social language interaction while Fairclough (1995: 25) states it is as

‗a field of both ideological processes and linguistic processes, and ... there is a determinate relation between these two kinds of process‘. In other words, DA assumes as a language in action; while CDA aims to make it more visible and transparent. The purpose of CDA is to analyze structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power, and control as manifested in language.

Therefore to analyze the power structure, the task of critical linguistics and discourse analysis show the role of language and discourse in the development of maintenance and reproduction of that system (van Dijk, 1997). Malrieu (1999: 96-97) defines a main of two Discourse Analysis theoretical tricks from French which involved many linguists and social scientists in distinguishing between text and discourse. The text is studied by means of linguistic theories while discourse is described by ideology theory. The analysis of DA goes directly from linguistic features to interpretations. Meaning is the object of ideology theory, but Semantics is idealism in linguistic study. In conclusion, CDA focuses on relations between the structure of language strategies (interpretation) and of social practices (explanation) so they can be constituted in the semiotic dimension (orders of discourse).

CDA is an important study in order to show the existence of discourse of economic, socio-political and cultural changes of modernity. Wodak (1997: 173) states that the critical approach is distinctive in its view of, first, the relationship between language and society and, second, the relationship between analysis and the practices analyzed. It means that a social theory of discourse is constructed and a methodological blueprint for critical discourse analysis is provided in practice.

Every language has an ideology in its structures or events that concluded in present condition. Ideology issues figure in the wider framework of theories and analysis of power, i.e. hegemony concept. Ideology locates at various levels in various ways. The key is a property of structures and a property of events. In searching for the ideology, Fairclough (1997) determines an analytic-three- dimensional framework for conceiving of and analyzing discourse that both in structures which constitute the outcome of past events and in events which the conditions for current events reproduce and transform.

The first dimension is discourse-as-text. It means that the linguistic features and organization of concrete instances of discourse as like vocabulary choices and patterns, grammar, cohesion, and text structure should be analyzed systematically. For example, the use of passive verb forms in news article “the title of religion minister had been entrusted to him” can result the effect of concealing the agent of political processes. In this sentence, the subject is deleted intentionally pointing out the president.

The second dimension is discourse-as-discursive-practice. It means that the text has its own object (intertextuality) and assumption (presupposition). As the circulation of concrete linguistic objects; discourse is produced, circulated, distributed, and consumed in society. In analyzing vocabulary, grammar, cohesion, and text structure; attention should be given to speech acts, coherence, and intertextuality that link a text to its context. For example, big font title

―Suryadharma Unaware of Haj Graft‖ is put above a picture of a religion affair ministry smiling and waving hands to describe that the accused of corruption still feels free and enjoys his position avoiding the unproved investigation from

Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). The choice of words as a headline can determine the politician‘s careless behavior towards an anti-corruption movement that he is apathy, showing ‗none of my (Suryadharma) businesses‘.

The third dimension is discourse-as-social-practice. It means that discourse is a feature in the ideological effects and hegemonic processes. Hegemony concerns power that is achieved through constructing alliances and integrating classes and groups through consent so that the articulation and rearticulation of orders of discourse are correspondingly one stake in the hegemonic struggle. The way in which corruption discourse is being represented, respoken, or rewritten by TJP journalist sheds light on the emergence of new orders of discourse, struggles over normativity, attempts at control, and resistance against regimes of power. For example, the effects of news title and the article can produce various significances. In the perspective of politic, an accused ministry is using his political power as the Islamic party head to symbolize that he may not do corruption. A capital symbol which he holds on can give an effect of power relation and contribute to social struggle that to arrest the corruptor need bigger effort and support from many related people. In conclusion, this framing analysis can determine the reframing of the researcher to talk about going back and re-interpreting the meaning of news story text in TJP about corruption discourse.

In an interdisciplinary research, it requires CDA to be integrated within frameworks for trans-disciplinary research. It means that this research needs critical social analysis of particular areas or aspects of social life so that positive critique can be produced in support of alternative ways in the case of social crisis. To help this research find out the critique after frameworks analysis is

done, Fairclough in Woodak (2001) presents the methodology of Bhaskar‘s explanatory critique. It can be formulated in five ‗procedural orders‘, called as

‗stages‘ then further elaborated as ‗steps‘.

The first stage is a social wrong, in its semiotic aspects. In this stage, the selection of research topic ‗Indonesia Corruption‘ considers being the construction of research object. Depoliticization of the recent political situation is the major problem here. Democracy seems failed and doesn‘t work to be public‘s medium in speaking loudly the aspiration. Related to social wrong, the discourse signifies the semiotic features of what corruption meaning is. The social wrong is referred to the problems which powerless group of people is confronted with and debated, otherwise, it is actually the object of semiotic itself (p.125).

This stage focuses on what is problematic and calls for change, and need socio-cultural context to define who is being oppressed by whom. The researcher has several emancipatory objectives to support the oppressed ones instead of KPK (Corruption Eradication Commission/KPK) since the future plan to reform KPK regulation is on processing. This matter has become sudden controversy within anti-corruption campaigns until now because it can reduce

KPK‘s authority. The researcher suggests that the social order needs the problem to be overcome so it contributes to sustaining particular relations of power and domination in the matter of anti-corruption.

The second stage is obstacles to the social wrong being tackled. In this stage, the analysis both semiotic aspects and relevant texts can contribute to comprehending relations between the level of social practices (orders of discourses) and the level of social events (actions) within social elements

(fields, institutions, organizations). Since the social life is structured and organized, the term of obstacles appears afterward can make the social wrong (problem) being resistant to find an easy resolution. There are three obstacles to be identified so that this study can make a bridge to past them.

The first obstacle is the network of (social and discursive) practices constituting a social order. When corruption is being the way of life, for instance, the existence of KPK becomes the scariest enemy to many corruptors especially those in the state agencies. When the data comes from news text of

Suryadharma Ali‘s and Sutan Bathoegana‘s cases, the corruption practices are framed into ideological perspectives. The practices relate each other including not only the corruptors but also other agents. They constitute both governments (the House of Representative members, the ministries, etc) and non-governments (the politicians in parties, the private stakeholders, etc). Bold names below are the example of doer agents that probably involving in a case:

Due to his powerful position in control of the energy ministry Sutan also allegedly instructed Rudi to rig the bidding for a lucrative multimillion-dollar oil project held by a local unit of US energy giant Chevron, in which Edhie “Ibas” Baskoro, the youngest son of former president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, was also implicated (41, X, E)

‗Due to his powerful position in control of the energy ministry‘ can be identified into nepotism while collusion is ‗instructed Rudi to rig the

bidding for a lucrative multimillion-dollar oil project held by a local unit

of US energy giant Chevron‘. These other particular practices at issue here are categorized afterward into a powerful network of corruption.

eradicating corruption. By understanding the network of practice, the

researcher can identify that, first, ‗corruption‘ is eventually framed into media‘s domination to influence readers and, second, KPK needs support to eradicate corruption.

The second obstacle is the relationship of semiosis to other (social) elements within the particular practice(s) concerned. This part has an aim in bridging between the network of social practices and semiosis. The way how

‗corruption‘ is structuring the social life and how it produces the people identities operating the particular practice can indicate that ‗corruption‘ term is restructured by TJP as media in representing political discourse. In this part of analysis, the researcher should focus to highlight again the social wrong of depoliticization which crippling the power and the function of KPK. The importance to revoke the draft bill of the criminal code and the criminal procedural code must be explained clearly in this part.

The third obstacle is the discourse/semiosis itself. Semiosis plays a crucial role in imposing, extending and legitimizing especially the term

‗corruption‘ (p.130). The ways of using language in particular interaction between structure and action influence the researcher about The Jakarta Post (TJP) newspaper articles which has been read and analyzed. The researcher needs first, interdiscursive analysis (instead of intertextuality) to identify the dominant genres, discourses, and styles inside the texts, second, linguistic and semiotic analysis which proven by Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) that a language is shaped by the social functions it has come to serve. The researcher needs to dig deeper in this part of the analysis in order to find out that

the depoliticization really happens to degrade KPK‘s authority and the language power of TJP help to influence the emergence of revoking the revision of criminal code and of criminal procedural code.

The third stage is the place of social wrong. By raising the question, the anticipation answer can show that social order should not be changed for specific political purposes degrading KPK‘s authority. Dealing with TJP‘s ideologies, the effect can conclude TJP‘s alignment whether supporting, neutral or unsupporting. It is a way of linking ‗is‘ to ‗ought‘. It means that the way what social life is should be changed. However, particular interest does not represent the public interest. If a social order inherently produces major social wrongs/ problems that are a reason for the researcher thinking perhaps it should be changed. The questions of ideological discourse in TJP news article arise in this stage of analysis in order to sustain power and domination. In this study, unequal relations of power in the texts are ideologically controlled by TJP in order to generate strong public support for KPK against corruptors.

The fourth stage is possible ways past the obstacles. In this stage, the analysis moves from negative to positive critique. It means that the identification o f not-really-realized possibilities for change show difference and resistance matters in the social order. The critique would seek explanations of social practice (ideology) of how and why corruption discourse emerges as part of TJP strategy (discursive practice) and into news story texts analysis. It is what Fairclough and Fairclough (2012: 82) refer to social structures, the most abstract form of social reality. These structures directly shape practices, and practices directly shape events. Social structures do not directly shape events,

otherwise as mediated by social practices. Hence, KPK as the one which legitimized by the president and House of Representatives is considered to be an annoyed figure for those commit to corruption offense. This practice can show how the relationship between the dominated and the dominating in the interaction is a failure (resistance) in the social order. The ‗sounds‘ from law experts, Indonesia Corruption Watch, and other neutral institution can be used for the alternative.

The last stage is a critical reflection. This stage provides an analysis to turn how effective it as critique reflexively does or contribute to social emancipation. The tackling problems are met then attempts for eradicating corruption in Indonesia can be sustained and extended. The researcher can make a contribution to other social researchers who are accessible to findings of this study so KPK must exist.

2.1.2 Ideology

In linguistics and (critical) discourse studies, a theory of ideology needs to be multidisciplinary. Ideologies are often based on scientific reasoning, ‗a realistic interpretation‘ of the Subject‘s interpretations or explanations which are not available on reality. It means that ideologies are produced from human rationality. Ideology, moreover, is the theory of systematical ideas used by protagonists in the struggle. The received ideas have become as meaningful criticism if the analysis is be able to contribute to a social life (Boudon, 1989). Hopefully, this research can contribute to how to analyze and find ideologies about corruption news in The Jakarta Post (TJP) also how the effects of

ideologies can represent the critique of readers‘ point of view to the news, i.e. in this study is the researcher.

As meaning in the service of power, the ideologies are examined by providing linguistic evidence. They emerge practically in a certain discourse and figure as implicit assumptions in texts (Fairclough, 1995: 14). Their effects to produce or reproduce relations of power and of domination are mediated by language. The whole sets of linguistic resources and practices should be verbally expressed, formulated and reproduced in interaction and communication processes among or between a group of inside and outside members who are able to share the same ideological concept. In this study, the deeper language analysis can help to find detailed understanding of ideologies produced and distributed by TJP.

Truth or falsehood is various but important to exist as the ideology. The fundamental concept of ideologies as being ‗false‘, ‗misguided‘, ‗wrong‘ or

‗illusionary‘ should be left. Ideologies are not ‗false‘ or ‗true‘ in any interesting sense, and even less when falsity is typically attributed to the ideas of ideological

‗Others‘. The evaluation of ‗false‘ regarding ideologies refers to what psychologists can name an ‗attribution error‘. Ideologies are to be ‗true‘ by those who share them. It is what van Dijk (2004) dubbed as Knowledge.

Meanwhile, ideologies are closely related to language. Using language with various structures is the common form of social behavior which relies on common sense assumptions (Fairclough, 1989: 2 and Alip, 2000: 10). By using language, the knowledge of ‗false‘ and ‗true‘ are able to find the searching of meaning and has a purpose in communicating ideas, emotions, and desires

between the producer and the receiver of language. The findings in this study posit the researcher as the one doing a Subjective point of view and argue them to be the social formations that will make it real and true.

2.1.3 Language and Symbolic Power

Indonesia citizens‘ eyes are now open wide to delegate their interest and power in trusting the politicians to represent them in the political arena (game) since Soeharto‘s regime of New Orde had been fallen down. In analyzing political representation, the term of habitus and disposition are used as a reflection of Bourdieu‘s approach in the sense of a structured social condition (1991: 203-219). The existence of individuals social condition especially newspaper writer is reflected in the habitus which is a set of dispositions causes agents, newspaper media to act and react the reality of corruption practice in certain ways. Dispositions generate political practices, perceptions, and attitudes which are regular without being consciously coordinated or governed by any ‗rule‘. The virtue of invested power in political disposition, for instance, consider as the features of habitus. They are incalculated, structured, durable, generative and transposable by political professionals (party, leader, and other appearance). They take control and monopolize the production of perception and expression of a given population especially news reader.

When individuals act, they always do practices and perceptions/assumptions, works and appreciations in specific social contexts or settings or fields. As a structured space of positions, the distribution of four kinds of resources of capital is the struggles site in which individuals seek to maintain their status quo

or play the game. The first is economic capital. It deals with money and other valuable materials. The second is social capital which deals with the career positions and society networking. The third is a cultural capital. It relates to the ownership of knowledge even educational intelligence. The fourth is symbolic capital how the accumulation of capitals determines someone to win the political competition or game.

In the relation with capitals, symbolic power remains as the practice defining reality. In the production of news, the ability to define reality is a fundamental form of power. Bourdieu states that this kind of power is invisible and can be exercised only with the complicity of those who do not want to know that they are subject to it or even that they themselves exercise it (1991: 164). The effect of symbolic power is to influence the actions of others and indeed to create events, by means of the production and transmission of symbolic forms which especially include ideology. The Jakarta Post (TJP) as the news media is a central player of knowledge-production and meaning-exchange of what happen about corruption in Indonesia. TJP‘s work is actually the exercise of symbolic power itself. Using symbolism make people see and believe about social reality (p. 170). This paper at least shows that TJP owns the power to name, to define, to endorse and to persuade through news matters. What are cited, written, distributed and produced in the news are its responsibility of marketization so that Indonesia‘s socio-political realities can influence more investors to invest in Indonesia.

A proclamation occurs that objective consensus validates the subjective necessity and self-evidence on the sense of the world. What is essential goes

without saying because it comes without saying means that silent subject remains implicit and unformulated/ unstructured principle. It is simply identified as intertextuality that a reflection of perfectly closed world correlates with the arbitrariness of misrecognition. Intertextuality arises competition for legitimacy and conflict between true or false of certain groups (Bourdieu, 1995: 168). This paper intentionally focuses on criticizing how TJP as legitimized subject has its own disposition to narrate the information, characters, and stories involved in news articles so that the exercise of symbolic power is simply expressed within relationships in the arena (news matters). In this corruption discourse analysis of Suryadharma Ali (SDA) and Sutan Bhatoegana (SB), TJP outspokenly supports KPK in various ways. Even though TJP itself is not a relevant participant to solve the case, at least TJP has a legitimation to be a central player to influence public ideas and opinions.

As the media that represent the reality of Indonesia‘s economy and socio-politics, they have capability and authority to produce logical, acceptable and valid information to legitimate that their news is not influenced by any professionals whose specific aims to control the reader‘s assumptions. It is needed that a narration (narrative discourse analysis) to be inserted as the intertextuality to embed and to strengthen the ideology which is believed as the production of meaning and conception a society.

Power is exercised in conversation and other forms of talk between people. The interrelationships between the unequal distribution of power and language used are the main concern to increase consciousness that some people dominate others. In the way to comprehend and to control the experience of meaning,

language refers to a lower-intermediate level between two participants (speaker-receiver and writer-reader) in relation to its object. In conclusion, the linguistic process in a communication has not been merely about understanding but also comprehending one to another.

2.1.4 Media Discourse

Discourse is oriented towards an absent reader, listener or viewer as the recipients of certain spoken or written language. Through media, these recipients often cannot make instantaneous responses to the producer of the discourse. The interaction which exists in a discourse is indirect. Even the new media technology cannot build an instant, direct communication between them. Media discourse tends to be a public, manufacture, on record, a form of interaction (O‘Keeffee, 2011: 441). This kind of discourse is claimed as the most influential way to inform the message receiver.

The values of media control the way in which news is presented by the language strategies (discursive practice). Critical linguistics ‒ a type of discourse analysis ‒ tends to be appropriately used in this research because this approach includes the detailed intention to the language used of media to influence its readers. Based upon the systemic linguistic theory of Halliday, Fairclough (1995: 25-58) defines critical analysis of media discourse in the relation of vocabulary choices. It potentially contains significant ideological meaning and reveals problematic events to preconstructed ideological frames for representing media political relations.

A news text narrates a society and describes the character of society. Newspaper media like The Jakarta Post (TJP) suppress correspondingly the

social subject and its news stories evoke the individual personality. Hence, its readers reconstruct the orders of narration in news texts. The narrations in the news impose events. If the readers then re-impose the chronological order in events in the discourse, they make it as a default strategy to influence them. Afterward Duszak in Bell (1998: 100) states that by using readers‘ knowledge of news schemata, this is a powerful drive to retell chronological events. In conclusion, it is a corruption discourse which is mediated by TJP to twist reality whereas the realities do not.

2.1.5 Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG)

When people speak or write, they produce text – a process of making meaning in certain context. Between a writer and the reader i.e., language is the medium that makes sense for them to engage and interpret the text. The language itself refers to the communication system lies behind the text and consists of sounds, words, and grammar used by people to understand each other.

In empirical approaches to language; analysis, description, and theory are grounded in data when observing a language as text. The analysis is the process of noting patterns in the language system by means in the searching of the description which lies behind the text analysis. Moreover, text analysis is a very strict way of testing and improving the analysis to be a process of generalizing data of text. Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is a theory of grammar which focuses on how language means to convey people‘s ideas in various ways and purposes. Grammar in SFG refers to a resource for creating meaning by syntagmatic ordering. It means that the language elements are the resource to create the meanings.

There are three metafunctions represented for making certain meanings: ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) and textual (mode). The ideational function is the basic metafunctions in SFG that concerns to the processes, participants, and circumstances found in the clause. Halliday (2004) defines the function include the speaker or writer in how to conduct language in his experience of the real world and also in his cognition, reactions and perceptions come from internal language. Through Transitivity Analysis, there are three classification elements in this metafunction: Participants, Processes, and Circumstances. Being located in, and unfolding through time, the process is realized by a verb marked for ‗present‘ tense, contrasting with ‗past‘ and ‗future‘. Participants are involved in the process of meaning which one of them represents the expression and the other meaning. These participants are the Token and Value in the relationship of signification. Circumstance is commonly marked as an attendant, associated with the process.

In the Transitivity Analysis, there are six processes: Material (the process of doing-and-happening), Mental (the process of sensing), Relational (the process of being and having), Verbal ( the process of saying), Behavioral (the process of behaving), and Existential (process of existing). For example, table 2.1 below is a verbal process analysis of a clause in one complete sentence from an article in The Jakarta Post (TJP) May, 8th 2015 about: ―Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) investigators asked me a question but I am unaware of the matter‖.

55. Dec Relational: Identify Unmarked (Topical)

The use of Article 55

implies the involvement other

people in the case. 56.

Dec

Verbal: Sayer – Verbiage

Unmarked (Topical) (Interpersonal)

Sutan earlier said he

would reveal ―everything‖ during his upcoming trial, especially other

parties involved in his case, but he did not mention specifically whether Ibas was one of them.

57. Dec Material: Actor- Goal Modulation: inclination Unmarked (Topical)

he would reveal ―everything‖ during his upcoming trial, 58. Dec Relational: Identify Unmarked (Adjunct/ Interpersonal) (Topical)

especially other parties involved in his case,

59. Dec

Verbal: Sayer – Target

Negative Polarity

Unmarked (Textual) (Topical)

but he did not

mention specifically 60 . Relational: Attributive Unmarked (Interpersonal) (Topical)

whether Ibas was one of them.

61. Dec

Verbal: Sayer - Verbiage Marked (Vocative/ Interpersonal) Unmarked (Topical)

KPK deputy for

prevention Johan Budi

confirmed that Sutan had

provided KPK investigators with meaningful information about others with regard to corruption plaguing House Commission VII, SKKMigas and the Energy Ministry. 62. Dec Material: Actor- Goal Unmarked (Textual) (Topical)

that Sutan had

provided KPK

investigators with meaningful information about others with regard to corruption plaguing House

Commission VII, SKKMigas and the Energy Ministry. 63.

Dec

Verbal Unmarked

(Topical)

―We are stepping up our efforts to unravel the roles of other parties in the case,‖ Johan said.

64. Dec

Material: Actor- Goal

Unmarked (Topical)

―We are stepping up

our efforts to unravel the roles of other parties in the case,‖

65. Dec

Material: Scope

Unmarked (Topical)

our efforts to unravel the roles of other parties in the case

APPENDIX 18

Linguistic Features Analysis in the Article

―

Dems not surprised with Sutan

‟

s

arrest

”

on February 4

th

, 2015.

No. Transitivity

Mood

Conjunction Theme

Clause

1. Ell Dec Relational: Identifying Negative

polarity Unmarked (Topical)

Dems (is) not

surprised with

Sutan‘s arrest 2.

Dec

Verbal: Sayer – Verbiage

Marked (Vocative/ Interpersonal)

Unmarked (Topical)

Democratic Party

central board member Benny Kabur Harman said the party had anticipated [[that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) would move to arrest senior Dems politician Sutan Bhatoegana.]]

3. Dec

Relational:

Identify Unmarked

(Topical)

the party had

anticipated that the

Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) would move to arrest senior Dems politician Sutan Bhatoegana.

4. Dec

Material: Actor - Goal

Modulation

: Inclination Unmarked (Textual) (Topical)

that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) would move to arrest senior Dems politician Sutan Bhatoegana.

5. Dec

Verbal: Sayer

- Receiver Unmarked

(Topical)

―He has long been

named a suspect and he was arrested yesterday. It‘s how the mechanism works; we‘re not surprised. We

anticipated the arrest,‖ Benny told reporters on Tuesday

6. Dec

Passivization Verbal: Target – verbiage

Unmarked (Topical)

―He has long been

named a suspect

7. Dec Passivization Material: Goal Conjunctive Adjunct: Addition (positive) Unmarked (Textual) (Topical)

and he was arrested yesterday.

8. Dec

Existential Unmarked

(Complement/ Topical)

It‟s how the

the mechanism works; 9.

Dec

Mental Unmarked

(Topical)

we‟re not surprised.

10. Dec Relational: identify Unmarked (Topical)

We anticipated the arrest,‖

11. Dec

Material: Actor - Goal

Unmarked (Topical)

The KPK detained Sutan on Monday, eight months after declaring the former head of House of Representatives Commission VII overseeing energy a

suspect in a bribery case. 12. Dec Verbal: Verbiage Circ.: Time Unmarked (Topical) (Textual)

eight months after

declaring the former head of

House of Representatives Commission VII overseeing energy a suspect in a bribery case.

13. Dec Material: Scope Unmarked (Compl./ Topical)

eight months after

Declaring the former head of House of Representatives Commission VII

overseeing energy a suspect

in a bribery case. 14.

Dec

Material: Actor - Attributive

Unmarked (Topical)

The detention of

Sutan came one week after the antigraft body pledged to complete all high- profile graft cases, including Sutan‘s, before the tenure of the KPK‘s current leaders — Abraham Samad, Bambang Widjojanto, Adnan Pandu Praja, and Zulkarnain — expires in December.

15. Dec

Verbal: Sayer – Verbiage Circ.: Time

Unmarked (Textual) (Topical)

after the antigraft

body pledged to complete all high- profile graft cases, 16.

Dec

Relational: Identifying

17. Dec

Material: Actor – Attributive

Conjunctive Adjun ct: Temp oral

Marked (Textual) (Complemen t/ Topical)

before the tenure of

the KPK‘s current leaders — Abraham Samad, Bambang Widjojanto, Adnan Pandu Praja, and Zulkarnain —