57 use, 3 simple and intuitive, 4 perceptible information, 5 tolerance of error, 6
low physical and technical effort, 7 community of learners and support, and 8 instructional climate. Moreover, it should also correspond to the principles of
MALL proposed by Stockwell and Hubbard 2013. Those ten principles are 1 mobile activities, tasks, and applications should distinguish both the affordances
and limitations of the mobile devices and the environment where the device will be used; 2 limiting multi-tasking and environmental distractions; 3 pushing, but
respecting boundaries; 4 striving to maintain equity; 5 acknowledging and planning for accomodating language learner differences, 6 being aware of
language learners’ existing uses and cultures of use for their devices; 7 keeping mobile language learning activities and tasks short and concise when possible; 8
letting the language learning task fit the technology and environment, and vice versa; 9 some or most learners will need guidance and training to effectively use
mobile devices for language learning; and 10 recognizing and accomodating multiple stakeholders.
Based on the theories that have been discussed above, an Android application was then developed. By using Android application for language learning, it shows
that mobile learning m-learning is implemented in the classroom. The features in the application can facilitate students in developing their listening comprehension
that are easy and free to develop. As long as there is the internet connection, students can access the application anywhere and anytime.
58
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology used to answer two research questions stated in Chapter I. There are five sections in this chapter, namely
research method, research design, research setting and participants, data collection technique, and data analysis technique.
A. Research Method
This research focuses on developing an m-learning model of Android application for Senior High School students grade X. The method used in this
research was Research and Development R D because the goal of this research was to develop an educational product. According to Gall et al. 2003, Educational
R D is an industry based development model in which the research findings are used to design new products and procedures, which are systematically field-tested,
evaluated, and refined until they meet specific criteria of effectiveness, quality, or similar standards. Therefore, the aim of R D is to develop and validate an
educational product. The researcher developed the research by adopting the R and D cycle
proposed by Borg and Gall 1983 and those of the Systems Approach Model proposed by Dick and Carey 2001 in Gall et al. 2003. The research model can
be seen in the following table.
59
Table 3.1 The Combined Model of Borg Gall R D Model and Dick and Carey Model Systems Approach Model
Borg Gall 1983 Dick Carey 2001 The Combined Model
Research and
information Collecting
Assess needs
to identify goals
Information Collecting: - Literature study
- Needs analysis Conduct instructional
analysis Analyze learners and
contexts
Planning Write
performance objectives
Planning: - Selecting the topics in the
standard of competence and basic competence
- Defining the
learning indicators
- Selecting the appropriate materials
- Designing the research instruments blueprint of
questionnaire and
interview quideline Develop
assessment instruments
Develop instructional strategy
Develop preliminary form of product
Develop and select instructional materials
Development: - Developing the storyboard
and flowchart of the product
- Developing the materials collecting the audios and
developing the exercises - Developing
the application
using App
Inventor - Building the application
into .apk file and testing it through a smartphone
Preliminary field
testing Design and conduct
formative evaluation of instruction
Evaluation and Revision: - Experts validation
- Users validation - Revision
Main product
revision Revise instruction
Main field testing Design and conduct
summative evaluation Operational product
revision
