Research Setting Research Participants

67 statements or questions to be answered by the research participants in order to obtain the data required to answer the research question. Ary et al. 2002 propose two kinds of questionnaire, structured and unstructured questionnaires. In structured questionnaires, both questions and answers are provided. Respondents have to choose the responses that best represent their own opinions. In unstructured questionnaires, the respondents have to elaborate their beliefs and suggestions using their own words. This study used both structured and unstructured questionnaires because by utilizing those two methods, the process of data gathering was more effective. The first method is used by providing some statements and the respondents are asked to select their answers accordingly using Likert scale. Meanwhile, the second method gives opportunity for the students to freely express their opinion by writing their own sentences. In this study, the researcher employed the structured questionnaires in the needs analysis. The needs analysis questionnaire was aimed to gather information about the teaching of listening in the classroom and also students’ readiness for participating in m-learning environment. The blueprint of the needs analysis questionnaire can be seen in Appendix 2. Meanwhile, in the evaluation step the researcher used both structured and unstructured questionnaires. The expert validation questionnaires were distributed to the lecturers who are experts in English field and also media. The materials validation was done by an English teacher and a lecturer of English Language Studies Program. The blueprint of the expert validation questionnaire of materials design can be seen in Appendix 2. Another important aspect in this research was 68 the validation of media. It included the lay-outing as well as the design. The expert validation blueprint of media can be seen in Appendix 2. As the main target users of this research were tenth grade students, user validation questionnaires were also distributed to gather the students’ responses, comments, and suggestions toward the product. The blueprint of user validation questionnaire can be seen in Appendix 2. In brief, the needs analysis questionnaires served as the way to give contribution for the content and features of the application, while the expert and user validation questionnaires served as the evaluation for the respondents to assess the application.

2. Interview

Another way to collect the data was done by conducting interviews. Johnson and Christensen 2012: 198 define interview as “a data-collection method in which an interviewer the researcher or someone working for the researcher asks questions of an intervi ewee the research participant”. The advantage of using interview is that the researcher can freely use probes i.e. prompts used to obtain response clarity or additional information. In this research, some interviews were conducted to the English teacher and some students to gather their opinion about the English teaching and learning process and also about the designed Android application. Besides, the interviews were also conducted to the experts of media and materials. By conducting interviews, the gathered data became more specific and complete. Initially, some questions were developed as the guideline of the interviews. The interview guidelines can be seen in Appendix 7.