59
Table 3.1 The Combined Model of Borg Gall R D Model and Dick and Carey Model Systems Approach Model
Borg Gall 1983 Dick Carey 2001 The Combined Model
Research and
information Collecting
Assess needs
to identify goals
Information Collecting: - Literature study
- Needs analysis Conduct instructional
analysis Analyze learners and
contexts
Planning Write
performance objectives
Planning: - Selecting the topics in the
standard of competence and basic competence
- Defining the
learning indicators
- Selecting the appropriate materials
- Designing the research instruments blueprint of
questionnaire and
interview quideline Develop
assessment instruments
Develop instructional strategy
Develop preliminary form of product
Develop and select instructional materials
Development: - Developing the storyboard
and flowchart of the product
- Developing the materials collecting the audios and
developing the exercises - Developing
the application
using App
Inventor - Building the application
into .apk file and testing it through a smartphone
Preliminary field
testing Design and conduct
formative evaluation of instruction
Evaluation and Revision: - Experts validation
- Users validation - Revision
Main product
revision Revise instruction
Main field testing Design and conduct
summative evaluation Operational product
revision
60 The aim of combining those models was to gain the appropriate model for
this research. In terms of research methodology, the R and D model proposed by Borg and Gall 1983 was selected to give detailed steps on developing the product.
However, only seven out of ten stages were selected to be conducted in this research because of some limitations. Meanwhile, with regard to the learning
aspects, the Dick and Carey model was chosen. This model provides detailed steps in designing instructional materialsmedia. After combining both models, the steps
can be formulated into four main stages, namely: 1 Information Collecting, 2 Planning, 3 Development, and 4 Evaluation and Revision.
B. Research Design
This research employed the steps in the combined model of the R and D model and the Dick and Carey model. The first step was Information Collecting
which was done by conducting literature study and needs analysis. The researcher studied some literatures related to the research field and also some documents
related to the research target, including the curriculum and syllabus. The need analysis was conducted by distributing questionnaires to the students and
interviewing the English teacher. The aim was to collect the useful information about their opinions and expectations toward the English teaching and learning
process. The next stage was Planning. After getting adequate information from the
literature study and needs assessment, it was analyzed to specify the goals and the instructional strategy of this research. The researcher selected the topics from the
competency standards and basic competences of English learning in Senior High Schools Grade X. After that, the learning indicators were derived from those topics.
61 They were then used as the general guidelines to select the appropriate materials.
As the final result of this study was an educational product, some instruments were developed to gather useful information for the development of the product. The
instruments were questionnaires and interviews. Before developing the instruments, blueprints and interview guidelines were designed to give clear description on how
the theories supported the research. The third stage was Development. To help the reseacher in developing the
product, the storyboard and the flowchart were made. They were aimed to describe the working process of the application. Since the product was an application for
mobile phones, the storyboard told what each screen contained, while the flowchart told about how screens were linked to each other. After that, the materials were
developed according to the selected topics. The researcher collected the audio files and also developed some exercises related to the topics. The materials were
uploaded in the App Inventor afterwards. App Inventor was an online software that was used by the researcher to develop the Android application. In App Inventor, the
project was built into .apk file so that it could be tested through a smartphone. The last stage was Evaluation and Revision stage. The Evaluation stage
followed the steps on Borg and Gall cycle, namely: Preliminary Field Testing, Main Product Revision, Main Field testing, and Operational Product Revision. Using the
instruments questionnaires and interviews, the data were gathered from the experts and the users. They aimed to validate the product and to get feedback useful
for the improvement of the product. The feedback was analyzed to make revisions toward the product. The description of the stages can be seen in the figure below.
62
Figure 3.1 The flowchart of the Combined Model adapted from the R and D Model and the Dick and Carey Model
Literature study Needs analysis
Selecting topics from the syllabus
Defining the
indicators Selecting the
materials Blueprint
Guidelines
Developing storyboard and
flowchart Developing
materials audios and exercises
Developing application using
App Inventor Building the
application .apk
file
The tentative product
Experts validation 1
st
Revision
Users validation 10 students
2
nd
Revision
Users validation the whole class
Last Revision
The final product of the Android application
Information Collecting
Planning
Development
Evaluation and
Revision
