FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEY The Relationship between Plant Sterols Intake and Total Blood Cholesterol Level in Bogor Rural Area

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G. FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEY

Food consumption survey is one of the dietary assessment methods to determine the nutritional status by observing the type and amount of food consumed Supariasa et al. 2002. According Suhardjo and Riyadi 1990, food consumption survey is an activity intended to determine the state of food consumption, from the type and amount of food consumed, including the eating patterns. The data obtained from food consumption survey can inform the overview of food consumed, pattern, intake, and or source of various nutrients and non-nutrients substance. Such information may be qualitative, quantitative, or both. Based on the type of data obtained, food consumption survey method consists of qualitative, quantitative, and both type Supariasa et al. 2002. Meanwhile, based on the observation subject or user, the method of food consumption survey is divided into national, households, and individuals scale survey. In summary, these methods can be seen in Table 5. Although food consumption survey is relatively easy and simple method of dietary assessment, Supariasa et al. 2002 stated that much bias could be appeared in assessing food consumption. This can be due to inconsistency instrument with the purpose of study, inconsistency of measuring tools, inappropriate data collection time, precision scales, the capability of enumerators, respondent burden, inappropriate list of food composition, as well as the misinterpretation of results. Therefore, food consumption surveys should be done with comprehensive planning and understanding. Selection of method should consider various factors, including the purpose of research, social and economic situation of the target population, education and motivation level of the target population, as well as the cost and effort required Supariasa et al. 2002; Gibson 2005. Table 5. Methods of Food Consumption Survey Survey Scale Method Informartion Obtained National Food Balance Sheet FBS Total Diet Studies Universal product codes UPC Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Household Food Account Quantitative Food List Qualitative Inventory Method Quantitative Household Food Record Quantitative Individual Food Recods Quantitative 24 Hours Dietary Recall Quantitative Food Frequency Questionaire Quantitative Food Weighing Qualitative Dietary History Qualitative Source: Thompson and Subar 2001, Gibson 2005 Individual food consumption survey is an activity that conducted to determine more detailed and accurate view of the consumption and health of individuals in a population. The use of individual food consumption survey will resulted in more accurate and detailed information for its calculating the amount of food actually consumed per individual Gibson 2005. Some of individual method 13 already mentioned previously, each comes with advantages and drawbacks. In summary, the procedures, advantages, and drawbacks of some individual food consumption surveys methods is shown in Table 6. The method of the individual food consumption surveys should be chosen carefully to suit the purposes of research and work as efficient as desired Gibson 2005. Table 6. Procedures, advantages, and drawbacks of some individual food consumption surveys methods Methods and Procedures Advantages Drawbacks Food Record. The respondent records the food and beverages and the amounts of each consumed over one or more days consecutively. The amounts consumed may be measured using household scale spoon, bowl, etc or estimated by picture or model. The preparation and food brand is also recorded. 1. Intake quantified 2. Does not require recall of food eaten 3. Could enhance self-monitoring for weight control or other behavior change 1. Affects eating behaviour 2. High respondent burden 3. Extensive respondent training and motivation required 4. May lead to nonrepresentative sample and subsequent bias 5. High investigator cost 24-Hour Dietary Recall. The respondent is asked to remember and report all the foods and beverages consumed in the preceding 24 hours or in the preceding day. The recall is conducted by the interviewer, either in person or by telephone. The amounts consumed may be measured using household scale spoon, bowl, etc or estimated by picture or model. The food preparation and brand is also recorded. 1. Intake quantified 2. Relatively quick and easy 3. Appropriate for most populations, thus less potential for nonresponse bias 4. Low respondent burden 5. Does not affect eating behavior 1. Highly depend on respondent memory 2. Many days needed to capture individual‟s usual intake 3. Intake often underreported Food Frequency Questionaire. The respondent is asked to report their usual frequency of consumption of each food from a list for a specific period of time. Information of portion size is also asked to estimate relative or absolute nutrient intake. 1. Low investigator cost 2. Information of total diet is obtained 3. Does not affect eating behaviour 1. Not quantifiable precise if using common procedure 2. Difficult cognitive task for respondent 3. Intake sometimes misreported Food Weighing. The respondent is asked to weigh hisher food consumed for a period of time. The weighing could be done by the interviewer. This method is usually combined with other methods. 1. More precise and accurate information is obtained 2. Intake quantified 1. High investigator cost 2. Time consuming 3. Affects eating behavior 4. Extensive investigator training required 5. High respondent burden Source: Thompson and Subar 2001, Gibson 2005 Calculation of the intake of certain food substances such as plant sterols requires specific survey method. Food Frequency Questionaire FFQ is a method could be used for calculating the usual intake of particular substances in certain food. Food Recall method could be used to count the intake of particular substances but require repeated data collection to capture individual usual intake Thompson Subar 2001. Research on plant sterols intake in Sweden by Klingberg 2012 uses FFQ method along with Food Recall 1x24 repeated 10 times 10 days for verification. FFQ method was also carried out by Andersson et al. 2004 in his study on plant sterols intake in Norfolk population, England. III. MATERIAL AND METHODS

A. TIME AND PLACE