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E. EARLIER STUDIES ON PLANT STEROLS INTAKE
Dietary intake of plant sterols has been sparsely studied, probably depending on the lack of analysed food items in general nutritional databases Klingberg 2012. In the European community,
the daily plant sterols intake was usually in the range of 200 Morton et al. 1995 - 350 mgday Schothorst Jekel 1999. Other research reported by Klingberg 2012 revealed that the plant
sterols intake in Britain was 300 mgday in men and 293 mgday in women while in Sweden was 252 mgday in men and 212 mgday in women. Another study conducted in China showed the plant
sterols intake level of 322.1 mgday Han et al. 2007. Estimated energy-adjusted plant sterol intake ranges from 30 to 35 mgMJ, with women having higher intakes than men Valsta et al. 2004.
Studies of vegetarian and vegan diets showed that compared to a mixed diet, the plant sterol content of these diets is usually higher Piironen et al. 2000.
Study in plant sterols dietary intake is one of observational study which mainly carried out by either cross-sectional or cohort design. Most of plant sterols dietary intake studies were done by
cross-sectional design, which involves observation of all of a population at one specific point in time Andersson et al. 2004, Valsta et al. 2004, Wang et al. 2012. Estimating dietary plant sterols intake
was done similarly with other intake, by using food consumption data of respondents, to which plant sterols values will be assigned using database of plant sterols level in food. The individual or national
food consumption data could be obtained from the databases available Hirai et al. 1986, Morton et al. 1995, Valsta et al. 2004, Han et al. 2007 or by performing food consumption survey using Food
Frequency Questionaire Andersson et al. 2004, Jiménez-Escrig et al. 2006, Sanclemente et al. 2009, Wang et al. 2012. Besides food frequency questionnaire, other individual survey method such as
duplicate 24-hour Recall method could also be performed Schothorst Jekel 1999. The summary of design, method, and results of several previous studies on plant sterols intake is shown in Table 4.
F. FOOD CONSUMPTION AND INTAKE
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