GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BOGOR RURAL AREA

IV. RESULT

A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BOGOR RURAL AREA

Geographically, Bogor rural area is located between 6 ° 18 0-6 º 47 10 south latitudes and 106 º 23 45- 107 º 13 30 east longitudes, near to the capital city of Indonesia so the development activities are quite high. Bogor regency has an area of ± 298,838.304 ha, with the restriction north is Tangerang district Banten province, Bekasi and Depok district; west bordering Lebak district Banten province, east to the Karawang district, Cianjur and Purwakarta district; south with Sukabumi, Cianjur, and in the middle-center is adjacent to the Bogor urban area. Administratively, Bogor rural area consists of 411 villages, 17 regencies, and covered 40 sub-districts Bappeda Bogor 2007. This research was specifically located in three sub-district; Dramaga, Ciampea, and Ciomas. Figure 5, pointed by number 1,2, and 3, depicts where the survey location exactly taken place in Bogor rural area. Figure 5. The map of Bogor rural area ukmkabupatenbogor.com and area of survey location; 1 Ciampea, 2 Dramaga, and 3 Ciomas Sub-District. 19 Bogor rural area is a land with varying morphological types, from relatively low plains in the north to the southern highlands. The climate is a high wet tropical in the south and humid tropical in the north with an average annual rainfall of 2500-5000 mmyear. The average temperature in Bogor rural area is 20 °-30 °C, with an average of 25 °C and relative humidity of 70 percent. The population of Bogor rural area in 2000 was recorded as 3,508,826 people and in 2010 had reached 4,770,744 people consisted of 2,450,426 males and 2,320,318 female Bogor Regional Census 2010. It can be concluded that within a period of 10 years showed an average population growth rate of 3.13. Bogor population density average of 1791 peoplekm², while the lowest density is 385 peoplekm² and the highest density is 9108 peoplekm². B. RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS The characteristics of respondents were divided into socioeconomic and nutrinional status of respondents. More detailed results were shown in Appendix 4.

1. Socioeconomic Characteristic of Respondents

a. Sex and Age

The important criteria for the respondents were sex and age. Age is an important factor which influences the individual food consumption DeBruyne, Pinna, Whitney 2008. Age is also a classical non modifiable factor that affects the risk of CHD. The increasing age of a person, the more likely that cell arterial degenerate, thus higher risk of CHD Frayn Stanner 2005. According to DeBruyne, Pinna, Whitney 2008, the risk of atherosclerosis is significantly increase in men aged 45 and over and women aged 55 and over or menopause. Before menopause, women have a lower risk of CHD possibly due to protection by oesterogens, which maintain HDL level remains high and LDL level remains low Patel 1994, Frayn Stanner 2005. In addition, the oestrogens also may reduce the risk of blood clots Maulana 2007. The distribution of respondents by sex and age is depicted in Figure 6. Figure 6. Distribution of respondent based on age and sex 46 14 26 14 44 24 22 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 25 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 55 56 - 65 P ro po rt io n Age year Male Female n = 50 n = 50 20 As shown in Figure 5, the age distribution of respondent is almost similar between male and female. Most of the respondents were in the range of 25-35 years 46 in male and 44 in female. The second largest group is aged 46-55 years which constitutes 26 of male and 22 of female. In the third largest group 36-45 years, the proportion of female responden is higher than male 24 and 14. Meanwhile, people aged 56-65 years had the least proportion than other age group 14 of men and 10 women.

b. Education Level

Although it does not directly affect cholesterol levels nor risk of coronary heart disease, the education level contribute to the choice of food Hardinsyah 2007. Higher levels of education may facilitate the understanding of relationship between diet and health Gibney et al. 2009. Sumarwan 2011 also stated that the higher the education level, the higher the possibility that a person has a logical awareness of a thing, including choosing the type of food with better quality. The distribution of respondents based on their education level, as shown in Figure 7, is mostly at the primary school 50 male and 44 female, junior high school 20 male and 24 female, and senior high school 16 male and 16 female. Low education is higher in female than male with 14 of female respondents are uneducated and only 6 of male respondents are uneducated. The proportion of respondent in diploma, college, and bachelor degree, is also larger in male which constitutes 2, 4, and 2, respectively, while in female only 2 was graduated from college. Figure 7. Distribution of respondent by education level

c. Type of Jobs

Kartasapoetra and Masetyo 2003 stated that type of jobs is a notable indicator for the income of individual or household. Therefore, the job has important role in supporting family life, including the decision of quality and quantity of food Suhardjo 1989. Type of jobs is also indirectly related to the amount of physical activity by individuals; in which has a positive correlation with health. 6.0 14.0 50.0 44.0 20.0 24.0 16.0 16.0 2.0 ,0 4.0 2.0 2.0 ,0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 Male n = 50 Female n = 50 pro po rt io n Education Level Uneducated Primary school Junior High School Senior High School Diploma College Bachelor Degree 21 Figure 8 shows the distribution of respondents by type of jobs. It appears that the majority of male respondents 40 worked as a labor, whether sewing workers, peasants, and the workers of small scale industries in their village. Female respondents who were employed are most work as laborers 24. Meanwhile, 80 of female respondents who were unemployed are mostly as housewifes. Figure 8. Distribution of respondents by type of jobs

d. Family Size

Family size can affect food consumption as well as affect the health of family members. Patel 1994 stated that the family environment may also affect the risk of coronary heart disease. This is due to a stressful home situation, the existence of disputes, and unfair competition occurring in the family so as to increase the risk of blood pressure and heart attack. Distribution of respondents by family size is depicted in Figure 9. It shows that the majority of respondents from both groups of men 44 and women 50 had a family size ≤ 4 small family. Meanwhile, the families of more than 7 people tend to owned by male respondents 18 than women 14. Figure 9. Distribution of respondents by member of household 8 8 24 4 2 40 8 4 10 12 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Male n = 50 Female n = 50 Pro p o rtio n Type of Jobs Government Official Private Official Business Farmer Labour Seller Others No Job 44 38 18 56 34 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 ≤ 4 Small 5-6 Medium ≥ 7 Large P ro po rt io n Member of Household persons Male Female n = 50 n = 50 22

e. Income per Capita

Income per capita is one of indicators whether the socioeconomic status considered as poor. The condition of low or poor socioeconomic status could increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease Mann Turswell 2002; Frayn Stanner 2005. This is because the socioeconomic condition can be associated with other factors such as diet, smoking, and lack of physical activity. According to the survey of Central Bureau Statistics Indonesia BPS in 2012, the poverty line in the province of West Java rural areas is applied to families with monthly income per capita of less than Rp 216,610. Based on data from respondents, the majority of respondents are still below the poverty line is as much as 48 of male respondents and 56 of women Figure 10. Meanwhile, only 6 of male has the income per capita between 1-2 million per month. Figure 10. Distribution of respondent by income per capita Madanijah 2004 stated that changes in income or socioeconomic status can directly affect changes in consumption. It supports the previous statement that at the lower socioeconomic level, primary energy source derived from cereals, tubers, and vegetables Soehardjo 1998. The increase in income causes an increase in variation in the food consumption from animal origin, sugars, fats, oils, and canned foods. Even so, sometimes the increase of income does not change the quality and variety of food consumed but change the type and price of food consumed to be more prestigious and expensive Hardinsyah et al. 2002.

2. Nutritional Status of Respondents

a. Body Mass Index

Body mass index is one of the classic modifiable risk factors of many degenerative diseases, including coronary heart disease. Framingham study showed that weight gain of 10 likely to be followed by increase in cholesterol levels by 12, blood sugar by 2, and blood pressure by 6.7 mmHg Effendi 2005. According to National Cholesterol Education Program 2002, body mass index 18.5 to 24.9 is considered as desirable, while people with a body mass index between 25 -29.9 had a medium risk of 48 34 12 6 56 32 12 10 20 30 40 50 60 216.610 216.610 - 500.000 500.000 - 1.000.000 1.000.000 - 2.000.000 P ro po rt io n Income Rpcapmonth male female n = 50 n = 50 23 coronary heart disease. Meanwhile, the body mass index over 30 or obese has a higher risk of coronary heart disease. The nutritional status based on Body Mass Index BMI ranged from underweight to overweight. In this study, shown in Figure 11, 86 of male respondents and 78 female respondents had a normal nutritional status. There were 12 of men and 8 of women who were underweight. Meanwhile, overweight status in female respondents is higher than in male respondent, i.e. 14 and 2, respectively. Figure 11. Distribution of respondents by nutritional status

b. Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is one of the classic risk factors of many degenerative diseases, especially hypertension, which in turn will increase the risk of coronary heart disease significantly Frayn Stanner 2005; DeBruyne, Pinna, Whitney 2008. Figure 12 shows most respondents had normal blood pressure 13085, i.e 70 of male and 74 of female. Meanwhile, there are 2 of female respondents who had blood pressure ≥140≥ 90, which considered as high. National Cholesterol Education Program 2002 stated that people with blood pressure over 14090 are at high risk for coronary heart disease. Figure 12. Distribution of respondents by blood pressure 12 86 2 8 78 14 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Underweight BMI 16-18,5 Normal BMI 18,5-24,9 Overweight BMI 25,0-27,0 P ro po rt io n male female n = 50 n = 50 70 30 74 24 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 13085 130-13985-89 ≥ 4 ≥9 P rop or ti on Blood Pressure SystolicDiastolic male female n = 50 n = 50 24

c. Total Blood Cholesterol Level

Total blood cholesterol consists of many substances including triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. Total cholesterol levels between 200-239 is a border risk of coronary heart disease, while cholesterol levels more than 239 is considered as high risk NCEP 2002. Based on Figure 13, more than half of respondents 66 male and 90 female had cholesterol levels 200 mgdL, thus in desirable level of blood cholesterol. It is noticeable that the border risk level of cholesterol was higher in male than in female, i.e. 32 and 10, respectively. Meanwhile, only 2 of men with high cholesterol levels which was more than 239 mgdL. Figure 13. Distribution of respondents by blood cholesterol level

C. CONSUMPTION OF FOOD PREDICTED TO CONTAIN PLANT