CONSUMPTION OF FOOD PREDICTED TO CONTAIN PLANT

24

c. Total Blood Cholesterol Level

Total blood cholesterol consists of many substances including triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. Total cholesterol levels between 200-239 is a border risk of coronary heart disease, while cholesterol levels more than 239 is considered as high risk NCEP 2002. Based on Figure 13, more than half of respondents 66 male and 90 female had cholesterol levels 200 mgdL, thus in desirable level of blood cholesterol. It is noticeable that the border risk level of cholesterol was higher in male than in female, i.e. 32 and 10, respectively. Meanwhile, only 2 of men with high cholesterol levels which was more than 239 mgdL. Figure 13. Distribution of respondents by blood cholesterol level

C. CONSUMPTION OF FOOD PREDICTED TO CONTAIN PLANT

STEROLS As explained previously in methodology, food item in this study were categorized into 12 groups based on the dominant type of raw material. Although food from pure animal origin such as fish, eggs, and meat were expected to contain zero plant sterols, their contribution to the intake might be obtained from other ingredients used in the processing of the product. Figure 14 depicts the average consumption of each food group in respondents. 66 32 2 90 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 200 – 239 239 P er ce nta g e Blood Cholesterol Level mgdL male female n = 50 n = 50 25 Figure 14. Average consumption of each food group for male and female respondents The average level of food consumption in all respondents amounted to 886.14 gcapitaday, male respondents of 862.91 gcapitaday, and female respondents at 909.37 gcapitaday. For the male respondents Table 6, food consumption was dominated by cereal and their products 377.68 gcapitaday, vegetables 147.63 gcapitaday, and snack food 109.72. Meanwhile, in women, consumption was also dominated by cereals and their products 378.34 gcapitaday, vegetables 171.66 gcapitaday and fruits 113.84 gcapitaday. Based on previous studies, cereals and cereal products is one of the dominant sources of plant sterols in wide population because of its high plant sterols content and large consumption Valsta et al. 2004, Han et al. 2007. Consumption of food predicted to contain plant sterols in female respondent was slightly higher than in male respondents. Nevertheless, the consumption of beverages and snacks in the male respondents was higher. This is probably because they tend to consume a variety of beverages such as coffee and tea. Men also tend to to buy drinks and snacks as they do more activities outside the house. Detailed data consumption of foods predicted to contain plant sterols per respondent group with average, standard deviation, the 95 th percentile, minimum, maximum, and number of eater is shown in Table 8-10. The detailed data of the consumption per-eater only were presented in Appendix 5a-5c. The 95 th percentile value means that 95 of all the data lies below the value. This value can be used to determine the respondents with high consumption level. The highest 95 th percentile in all respondents was the consumption of cereals and its products which is 692.77 gpersonday. It was also the highest 95 th percentile in the male respondents 683.51 gpersonday and female respondents 663.01 gpersonday. On the other hand, the lowest 95 th percentile value in all respondents, including male and female respondents separately, was the consumption of plant sterols enriched food and supplements. Number of eater describes the number of consumer for each food groups while eater describes the proportion of eater from all respondent. As shown in Table 8, all respondents consumed cereals and cereal products predicted to contain plant sterols, followed by legumes and legume products and vegetable and vegetables product at same level 99 eater. Meanwhile in male 377.68 147.63 109.72 92.23 78.47 21.88 19.10 8.79 6.19 1.18 0.05 0.00 378.34 171.66 88.42 113.84 92.05 11.42 25.93 15.04 10.97 1.56 0.03 0.10 100 200 300 400 Cereal And Cereal Products Vegetables And Vegetable Products Snack Food Fruit And Fruit Products Legumes And Legume Product Beverages Meat and Poultry products Herbs, Spices, and Condiments Egg And Egg Products Fish And Fish Products Phytosterol Fortified Products Supplements gcapitaday Female Male 26 respondent, as shown in Table 9, food groups with the highest number of eater were cereals 100 eater followed by fruits products, legumes products, snack foods, and vegetables products at same level 98 eater. In female respondent, as shown in Table 10, food groups with the highest number of eater were cereals, herbs, legumes, and vegetables at same level 100 eater followed by fruit products and snack foods at same level 98 eater. It can be generally concluded that female respondents tend to consume more various food than male respondents. Table 8. Average consumption of each food group per capita in all respondents No Food Groups Consumption Per-Capita gcapday Total Consumption Num. of Eater N=100 Eater N=100 Mean ± S.D. 95 tile Min - Max 1 Beverages 16.65 ± 27.71 75.35 0.00 - 152.67 1.88 59 59.0 2 Cereals and Cereal Products 378.01 ± 164.85 692.77 39.02 - 1046.50 42.66 100 100.0 3 Egg and Egg Product 8.58 ± 15.60 41.47 0.00 - 88.00 0.97 34 34.0 4 Fish and Fish Product 1.37 ± 3.63 8.13 0.00 - 24.43 0.15 23 23.0 5 Fruits and Fruit Products 103.04 ± 106.28 323.93 0.00 - 504.07 11.63 98 98.0 6 Herbs, Spices, and Condiments

11.91 ±

20.22 56.95 0.00 - 119.00 1.34 91 91.0 7 Meat and Poultry Products 22.52 ± 32.62 85.58 0.00 - 214.73 2.54 73 73.0 8 Legumes and Legume Products 85.26 ± 63.89 208.73 0.00 - 385.72 9.62 99 99.0 9 Plant sterols Fortified Products 0.04 ± 0.30 0.00 0.00 - 2.67

0.00 2

2.0 10 Snack Foods 99.07 ± 91.71 253.45 0.00 - 584.55 11.18 98 98.0 11 Supplements 0.05 ± 0.50 0.00 0.00 - 5.00 0.01 2 2.0 12 Vegetables and Vegetable Products 159.64 ± 112.93 396.02 0.00 - 575.37 18.02 99 99.0 Total 886.14 27 Table 9. Average consumption of each food group per capita in male respondents No Food Groups Consumption Per-Capita gcapday Total Consumption No. of Eater N=50 Eater N=50 Mean ± S.D. 95 tile Min - Max 1 Beverages 21.88 ± 32.39 79.13 0.00 - 152.67 2.54 34 68.0 2 Cereals and Cereal Products 377.68 ± 163.24 683.51 39.02 - 798.85 43.77 50 100.0 3 Egg and Egg Product 6.19 ± 12.03 31.90 0.00 - 49.20 0.72 14 28.0 4 Fish and Fish Product 1.18 ± 2.91 7.14 0.00 - 13.30 0.14 10 20.0 5 Fruits and Fruit Products 92.23 ± 103.58 318.65 0.00 - 456.53 10.69 49 98.0 6 Herbs, Spices, and Condiments 8.79 ± 11.89 30.33 0.00 - 52.00 1.02 41 82.0 7 Meat and Poultry Products 19.10 ± 27.95 63.50 0.00 - 157.81 2.21 34 68.0 8 Legumes and Legume Products 78.47 ± 58.21 195.55 0.00 - 289.37 9.09 49 98.0 9 Plant sterols Fortified Products 0.05 ± 0.38 0.00 0.00 - 2.67 0.01 1 2.0 10 Snack Foods 109.72 ± 114.96 340.61 0.00 - 584.55 12.71 49 98.0 11 Supplements

0.00 ±

0.00 0.00 0.00 - 0.00 0.00 0.0 12 Vegetables and Vegetable Products 147.63 ± 111.32 363.38 0.00 - 456.13 17.11 49 98.0 Total 862.91 Table 10. Average consumption of each food group per capita in female respondents No Food Groups Consumption Per-Capita gcapday Total Consumption No. of Eater N=50 Eater N=50 Mean ± S.D. 95 tile Min - Max 1 Beverages 11.42 ± 21.12 47.61 0.00 - 96.00 1.26 25 50.0 2 Cereals and Cereal Products 378.34 ± 168.09 663.01 134.22 - 1046.50 41.60 50 100.0 3 Egg and Egg Product 10.97 ± 18.31 49.20 0.00 - 88.00 1.21 20 40.0 4 Fish and Fish Product 1.56 ± 4.25 8.92 0.00 - 24.43 0.17 13 26.0 5 Fruits and Fruit Products 113.84 ± 108.88 315.10 0.00 - 504.07 12.52 49 98.0 6 Herbs, Spices, and Condiments 15.04 ± 25.79 62.47 0.43 - 119.00 1.65 50 100.0 7 Meat and Poultry products 25.93 ± 36.67 90.09 0.00 - 214.73 2.85 39 78.0 8 Legumes and Legume Products 92.05 ± 69.03 211.35 12.71 - 385.72 10.12 50 100.0 9 Plant sterols Fortified Products 0.03 ± 0.19 0.00 0.00 - 1.33 0.00 1 2.0 10 Snack Foods 88.42 ± 59.54 200.10 0.00 - 251.42 9.72 49 98.0 11 Supplements 0.10 ± 0.71 0.00 0.00 - 5.00 0.01 1 2.0 12 Vegetables and Vegetable Products 171.66 ± 114.36 395.75 6.33 - 575.37 18.88 50 100.0 Total 909.37 28

D. PLANT STEROLS LEVEL IN FOOD