there. The function is to watch the building more effectively because with this concept of building the overseer will be able to gaze everything that happens
around the building while he himself cannot be seen by the others. Foucault adds, “in short, the principle of the dungeon is reversed; daylight and the overseers gaze
capture the inmate more effectively than darkness, which afforded after all a sort of protection” 1980: 147.
In addition, this system according to Betham was a great innovation that is needed for the easy and effective exercise of power. However, the procedure of
power that are applied in the modern societies are more vary, and rich. 1980: 148.
c. Theory of Interpellation
This theory is proposed by French Marxist theoretician, Louis Althusser 1918-1990. According to Peter Barry, Ideology is a key term for Althusser, as
for all Marxists. It is a broad concept variously defined within Marxism Barry, 2002: 163. Barry explains Althusser
‟s idea of ideology by quoting from Philip Goldsteins‟s The Politics of Literary: An Introduction to Marxist Criticism as
follows: Ideology is a system possessing its logic and proper rigour of
representations images, myths, ideas, concept, according to the case endowed with an existence and an historical role at heart of a given society
2002: 163.
In other words, ideology is a belief, attitude, values, in a society, can be its history, culture, and custom that has been set in the society.
For Althuser himself, ideology is not a matter of conscious belief, attitudes and values nor is it a matter of “false consciousness” – sets of false ideas
imposed on individuals to persuade them that there is no real contradiction between capital and labor or, more crudely, between the interest of the working
class and ruling class. In Modern Literary Theory, he states that “it is, rather, a
matter of the representation of imaginary version of the real social relations that people live. These imaginary versions of the real social relations are necessary for
the perpetuation of the capitalist system” 1977: 51. Ideology does not establish itself simply through consciousness nor
through disembodied ideas but through systems and structure. Ideology is presented in the representations the signs and the practices the rituals of
everyday life. Most importantly, it is through ideology that individuals are constituted as „subjects‟ – misrecognizing themselves as free and independent
beings with unique subjectivities. Ideology needs agent to reproduce itself in the society. The main agencies for the reproduction of ideology and the subject are
what Althusser calls the „Ideological State Apparatuses‟ ISAs. It is a certain number of realities which present themselves to the immediate observer in the
form of distinct and specialized institutions. It is included, religion, education, family, laws, politic, trade union, communications and culture.
This system is closely related to Interpellation. It is a trick invented by Althusser where we are made to think that we can choose while we actually have
no choice at all Barry, 2000: 165. According to Althusser on Pe ter Barry‟s book,
this trick is used in capitalist society to make us feel like free agents „You can
have any color you like…‟ while actually imposing things upon us „…as long as it‟s black‟. Barry adds, “Interpellation is Althusser‟s term for the way the
