4. Past life
The author gives clue to events that helped to shape the characteristics of the character. It is done by direct comment by the author himself, through the
person‟s thought, through the conversation or meeting with another person. 5.
Conversation of others
The characteristic of the person can be revealed through the conversation of other person. The things that other persons say about that one person often give
the clues about
that person‟s characteristics. 6.
Reactions
The author lets the readers know or see how the person reacts to a various situation or events because the readers can see the person‟s attitude through his or
her reaction. 7.
Direct comment
The person‟s characteristics are being described or commented directly by
the author. 8.
Thoughts
The author freely presents the direct knowledge of what the person is thinking about and the readers are in a privileged position for knowing the thought
of the person. 9.
Mannerism
The author describes a person‟s mannerism, habits or peculiarity that might reveal something about the person‟s characteristics to the readers. 1972:
161-172
3. Theory of Marxism
Marxism is a theory originally proposed by Karl Marx and Friederich Engel. This theory focuses on the condition of the society and the struggle of the
people within it. The aim of this theory itself is to generate world without class or quoting what Barry
says on his book, “The aim of Marxism is to bring about a classless society based on the common ownership of the means of production,
dist ribution and exchange.” 2002: 156. Moreover he adds,
Marxist sees progress as coming about through struggle for power between different social classes. This view of history as class struggle instead of,
for instance a succession of dynasties, or as a gradual progress towards the attainment of national identity and sovereignty regards it as „motored‟ by
the competition for economic, social, and political advantage. The exploitation of one social class by another is seen especially in modern
industrial capitalism, particularly in its unrestricted nineteenth-century form 2002: 157.
In other words, class struggle in the context of Marxist is considered as a competition for economical, social and political advantage. The aspect that
triggers this struggle is certainly the condition of economical, social and political that is unfair for one class in such industrial society.
Alfred G. Meyer writes that in Marxism all relationships between classes are necessarily exploitative relationship; there is a division where some classes
will always carry the main burden of labor while getting the smallest share of the social product while other classes are the opposite of it, living in comparative
leisure and getting the most of all benefits. Meyer also emphasizes the aspect that enables one class to maintain its position of dominance and conducting this kind
of exploitative relationship is power. Power of the ruling class in Marxian view,
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