movement against their employers individually not capitalist as a class because they see capitalist as the group of oppressor. The later stage class “for itself”,
workers become conscious of their class identity. They start to realize that there are actually two classes in the society they are proletariat and capitalist. These two
classes are opposite to each other. Thus, any action by the proletariat in this stage directed to the capitalist is the impact of their demand of social justice and
considered as an act of one class proletariat against capitalist Bourgeois as a class who act as the oppressor.
e. Theory of Class Struggle
In Beginning Theory, Karl Marx defines struggle in the society as class struggle and Marxism sees the struggle as the power between different social
classes Barry, 2002: 157. This struggle mainly is driven by the competition for economic, social, and political advantage. However, the idea of class struggle
itself is not originally coming from Karl Marx. Henry B. Mayo writes that the idea of class struggle did not, as we know, originate with Marx. Its existence has been
recognized from years before Marx lived but actually it was only Marx who made
it into the mainspring of history 1960: 93.
Nikolai Bukharin describes class struggle as “a struggle in which one class has entered into action against the other class” 1969: 298. This struggle happens
when the oppressed class realizes that they in some point are being oppressed by another class.
In Gary Day‟s Class, Marx located the source of this conflict in the fact that one class owned the means of production, while the other class owned
nothing but their labor power which they were obliged to sell in order to survive.
The antagonism between the classes, based on their different relations to production, makes them conscious of themselves as classes and this leads to
conflict 2001: 6-7. As it has been mentioned before, these two classes have different interest and thus it leads to conflict. One class strives for such big profit
with low expense on the production which means paying low wage to the working class while another class strives for better wage in return for their labor power.
It is clearly seen that the one who owns the means of production has more power than the one who only has the labor power. Alfred G. Meyer emphasizes
that all relationship between classes are necessarily exploitative relationship and the answer to Marx‟s question about the factor that enables the exploiter class to
maintain its position of dominance and to perpetuate exploitative relationship is power. The power itself lays in the means of production. What he means by the
power here is the control which enables a class to exploit those classes with no such control, to maintain economic, social, and political inequalities. It is this
control which makes a class the ruling class 1954: 19-20. Thus, class struggle will take place between the Proletariat and the Bourgeois. Jozef Wilczynski adds
furthermore that there are two basics of class struggle; 1.
Economic: a struggle for the improvement of the condition of work and a change in the principle governing the distribution of the fruits of
the labor. 2.
Political: a struggle for the seizure and maintenance of political power 1981: 80.
C. Theoretical Framework
In order to answer problem formulation, the contribution of theories is needed. Thus, the review of related study will be needed to add more information,
critique, and comment towards Catching Fire. The review of related theories along with the review of related studies will give deeper insight about the study.
Ever since the focus of this study is class struggle, several theories in Marxism will be used to analyze the study. Those theories are theories of social
class, panopticon, interpellation, alienation, class consciousness, and class struggle itself. Those theories are significant since the writer uses Marxist as the
approach. To analyze the novel and to answer the problem mentioned in the first chapter, the character and characterization will be analyzed using theories of
character and characterization by M. H. Abrams, Johnson and Murphy. Later on, from the analysis of the character and characterization, the writer will analyze
how the unequal treatment done by the capitalist toward the main character is depicted in the novel. In this step, theories of social class, panopticon, and
interpellation will be used to see how the upper class performs the unequal treatment toward the lower class and also how the upper class will try to maintain
their power. Theory of class consciousness will be applied on the next step in order to see when the oppressed class or the proletariat starts to realize that they
are being treated unequally by the Bourgeois. The theory of class consciousness is applied in order to see whether the Proleteratiat can finally see their class identity
or not since if there is no consciousness there will be no struggle. Finally, the writer will find out the depiction of class struggle that can be found in the novel
