The class struggle as the impact of the unequal treatments done by The Bourgeois Seen from Katniss Everdeen in Suzanne Collin`s Catching Fire.

ABSTRACT

Kastanya, Priskila Helena. The Class Struggle as the Impact of the Unequal Treatments Done by The Bourgeois Seen from Katniss Everdeen in Suzanne Collin’s Catching Fire. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of

Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

The object of this study is the novel Hunger Games: Catching Fire. It is the second book of the trilogy of Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. The novel was first published in 2009 when later in 2013 was brought into motion picture.

There are three objectives of this study. First objective is to depict the characterization of the main character, Katniss Everdeen in the novel. Second objective is to analyze how the unequal treatments are done by the Bourgeois and the third objective is to find out the class struggle as the impact of unequal treatments by the Bourgeois.

The method applied in this study is library research where the primary source is the novel Suzanne Collin’s Catching Fire. The secondary sources are

taken from books and thesis that are related to the theory applied in this study. Theories which are applied in this study are the theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of Marxism that includes theory of social class, theory of panopticon, theory of interpellation, theory of class consciousness, and theory of class struggle. The writer uses Marxist approach to analyze the class struggle as the impact of unequal treatments.

The result of the analysis indicates that there are two main classes exist in capitalism society, the Bourgeois and the Proletariat. The former is the Bourgeois and the latter is the Proletariat. The condition where there is a big gap between the classes leads to the unequal treatments done by the class who owns most power in the society which is the Bourgeois toward the lower class. The unequal treatments are done through the system applied in the society in order to keep the lower class under the hands of the Bourgeois. This unequal situation finally leads the proletariat to do the class struggle. However, prior to class struggle, the Proletariat has to go through class consciousness. Finally, the Class struggle itself is seen from Katniss Everdeen’s reactions. The influence of Marxism is obviously seen through the portrayal of class struggle done by the proletariat against the Bourgeois who treat them unfairly.

ABSTRAK

Kastanya, Priskila Helena. The Class Struggle as the Impact of the Unequal Treatments Done by the Bourgeois Seen from Katniss Everdeen in Suzanne Collin’s Catching Fire. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of

Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

Objek penelitian ini adalah novel Hunger Games: Catching Fire. Buku kedua dari trilogi Hunger Games oleh Suzanne Collin. Novel ini pertama diterbitkan pada tahun 2009 yang kemudian diadaptasikan ke layar lebar.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk, pertama menggambarkan karakterisasi dari tokoh utama Katniss Everdeen di novel. Kedua, menganalisis bagaimana perlakuan yang tidak adil dilakukan oleh kaum borjuis dan yang ketiga menganalisa Class Struggle sebagai akibat dari perlakuan yang tidak adil oleh kaum Borjuis terhadap kelompok Proletar.

Metode yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian pustaka dimana sumber utama adalah novel Catching Fire itu sendiri. Materi penunjang adalah buku dan makalah-makalah yang berhubungan dengan teori yang digunakan di dalam penelitian ini. Teori-teori yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut, teori tentang tokoh, teori penokohan, dan teori Marxsisme yang meliputi teori kelas sosial, teori Panopticon, teori

Interpellation, teori class consciousness, dan teori class struggle. Penulis

menggunakan pendekatan Marxisme untuk menganalisis class struggle sebagai dampak dari perlakuan yang tidak adil.

Hasil dari analisis menunjukan bahwa ada dua kelas besar yang terdapat dia dalam lingkungan kapitalis. Kelas atas adalah kaum Borjuis sedangkan kelas bawah adalah kelas proletar. Kondisi ini dimana ada kesenjangan yang besar diantara dua kelas tersebut mengakibatkan perlakuan tidak adil dilakukan oleh kelompok yang lebih berkuasa terhadap kelompok yang lemah. Perlakuan tidak adil ini dilakukan melalui sistem-sistem di dalam lingkungan yang memudahkan kaum borjuis mengontrol kaum proletar. Situasi yang tidak adil ini pada akhirnya mengarahkan kaum proletar untuk melakukan Class struggle. Namun, sebelum melakukan class struggle kaum proletar harus mengalami class consciousness terlebih dahulu. Pada akhirnya, class struggle dapat dilihat dari reaksi Katnis Everdeen. Pengaruh Marxisme dapat dilihat melalui penggambaraan class

struggle yang dilakukan kaum proletar terhadap kaum borjuis yang

THE CLASS STRUGGLE AS THE IMPACT OF THE

UNEQUAL TREATMENTS DONE BY THE BOURGEOIS

SEEN FROM KATNISS EVERDEEN IN SUZANNE COLLIN’S

CATCHING FIRE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By

PRISKILA HELENA KASTANYA Student Number: 114214087

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMS DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

THE CLASS STRUGGLE AS THE IMPACT OF THE

UNEQUAL TREATMENTS DONE BY THE BOURGEOIS

SEEN FROM KATNISS EVERDEEN IN SUZANNE COLLIN’S

CATCHING FIRE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By

PRISKILA HELENA KASTANYA Student Number: 114214087

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMS DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, 29 January, 2016

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Priskila Helena Kastanya

Nomor Mahasiswa : 114214087

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

THE CLASS STRUGGLE AS THE IMPACT OF THE

UNEQUAL TREATMENTS DONE BY THE BOURGEOIS

SEEN

FROM KATNISS EVERDEEN IN SUZANNE COLLIN’S

CATCHING FIRE

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasiannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal, 29 Januari, 2016

Yang menyatakan

I dedicate this

thesis to My Lord

who has blessed

me with a

beautiful family,

especially my

parents. Thank

You for Your

grace.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my Lord, Jesus Christ for his never ending love that strengthens me to go through this process in my life. Thesis writing is one long process to me and in this process I‟m blessed with these following beautiful people who were never absent in helping me get through this process. My deepest gratitude goes to my humble and very detail thesis advisor, Dewi Widyastuti S.Pd., M.Hum.for her patience and tolerance during the consultation time. I would like to thank Elisa Dwi Wardani S.S., M.Hum.as well as my Co-Thesis advisor, for all of the corrections and criticism for the improvements of this thesis.

My warm gratitude also goes to my parents, especially my mother, for her trust and for always putting up with me. I know this expression of gratitude would never replace your love in return. To my big family in Ambon, I thank them for always asking when I will graduate that I got annoyed and felt the urge to finish this thesis as soon as I could.

Not to mention these lovely friends of mine, Ester, Jeremy, Icung, Valentina who always bother me about the thesis. I‟m glad we are in this process together. I thank them for all the words of encouragement.

My gratitude also goes to Indrabeha for always being there for me. To Dhany, Melan and Susan, I thank them for the Laptops, encouragement and company when I was in critical moment. To Manda„Kete‟ my thesis-writing buddy, thank you for the design.

I would also like to thank all of the Lecturers and staff of English Letters Department Sanata Dharma University for helping me through this learning process and also all of the classmates in C Class batch 2011 I would like to thank them very much for being part of my learning process. I‟m surely going to miss our time learning together in class.

I‟m sure there is an endless list of people to thank for thus I would also like to thank everyone who happens to help me in this process but has not been mentioned in here.

Last but not least, to life I would say, “Leggo!”

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE………..…. iv

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... v

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY………...… vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

ABSTRACT ... xi

ABSTRAK ... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A.Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 3

C.Objectives of the Study ... 3

D.Definition of Terms ... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEWS OF LITERATURE A.Review of Related Studies ... 5

B. Review of Related Theories ... 9

1. Theory of Character ... 9

2. Theory of Characterization ... 10

3. Theory of Marxism ... 12

a.Theory of Social Class... 13

b.Theory of Panopticon ... 14

c.Theory of Interpellation ... 15

d.Theory of Class Consciousness ... 17

e.Theory of Class Struggle ... 19

C.Theoretical Framework ... 21

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A.Object of the Study ... 23

B. Approach of the Study ... 24

C.Method of the Study ... 25

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A.The Characterization of Katniss Everdeen ... 26

B. The Unequal Treatments Done by The Bourgeois ... 30

C.The Class Struggle as the Impact of Unequal Treatments .. 50

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 51 ……….

ABSTRACT

Kastanya, Priskila Helena. The Class Struggle as the Impact of the Unequal Treatments Done by The Bourgeois Seen from Katniss Everdeen in Suzanne Collin’s Catching Fire. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of

Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

The object of this study is the novel Hunger Games: Catching Fire. It is the second book of the trilogy of Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. The novel was first published in 2009 when later in 2013 was brought into motion picture.

There are three objectives of this study. First objective is to depict the characterization of the main character, Katniss Everdeen in the novel. Second objective is to analyze how the unequal treatments are done by the Bourgeois and the third objective is to find out the class struggle as the impact of unequal treatments by the Bourgeois.

The method applied in this study is library research where the primary source is the novel Suzanne Collin‟s Catching Fire. The secondary sources are

taken from books and thesis that are related to the theory applied in this study. Theories which are applied in this study are the theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of Marxism that includes theory of social class, theory of panopticon, theory of interpellation, theory of class consciousness, and theory of class struggle. The writer uses Marxist approach to analyze the class struggle as the impact of unequal treatments.

The result of the analysis indicates that there are two main classes exist in capitalism society, the Bourgeois and the Proletariat. The former is the Bourgeois and the latter is the Proletariat. The condition where there is a big gap between the classes leads to the unequal treatments done by the class who owns most power in the society which is the Bourgeois toward the lower class. The unequal treatments are done through the system applied in the society in order to keep the lower class under the hands of the Bourgeois. This unequal situation finally leads the proletariat to do the class struggle. However, prior to class struggle, the Proletariat has to go through class consciousness. Finally, the Class struggle itself is seen from Katniss Everdeen‟s reactions. The influence of Marxism is obviously seen through the portrayal of class struggle done by the proletariat against the Bourgeois who treat them unfairly.

ABSTRAK

Kastanya, Priskila Helena. The Class Struggle as the Impact of the Unequal Treatments Done by the Bourgeois Seen from Katniss Everdeen in Suzanne Collin’s Catching Fire. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of

Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

Objek penelitian ini adalah novel Hunger Games: Catching Fire. Buku kedua dari trilogi Hunger Games oleh Suzanne Collin. Novel ini pertama diterbitkan pada tahun 2009 yang kemudian diadaptasikan ke layar lebar.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk, pertama menggambarkan karakterisasi dari tokoh utama Katniss Everdeen di novel. Kedua, menganalisis bagaimana perlakuan yang tidak adil dilakukan oleh kaum borjuis dan yang ketiga menganalisa Class Struggle sebagai akibat dari perlakuan yang tidak adil oleh kaum Borjuis terhadap kelompok Proletar.

Metode yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian pustaka dimana sumber utama adalah novel Catching Fire itu sendiri. Materi penunjang adalah buku dan makalah-makalah yang berhubungan dengan teori yang digunakan di dalam penelitian ini. Teori-teori yang digunakan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut, teori tentang tokoh, teori penokohan, dan teori Marxsisme yang meliputi teori kelas sosial, teori Panopticon, teori

Interpellation, teori class consciousness, dan teori class struggle. Penulis

menggunakan pendekatan Marxisme untuk menganalisis class struggle sebagai dampak dari perlakuan yang tidak adil.

Hasil dari analisis menunjukan bahwa ada dua kelas besar yang terdapat dia dalam lingkungan kapitalis. Kelas atas adalah kaum Borjuis sedangkan kelas bawah adalah kelas proletar. Kondisi ini dimana ada kesenjangan yang besar diantara dua kelas tersebut mengakibatkan perlakuan tidak adil dilakukan oleh kelompok yang lebih berkuasa terhadap kelompok yang lemah. Perlakuan tidak adil ini dilakukan melalui sistem-sistem di dalam lingkungan yang memudahkan kaum borjuis mengontrol kaum proletar. Situasi yang tidak adil ini pada akhirnya mengarahkan kaum proletar untuk melakukan Class struggle. Namun, sebelum melakukan class struggle kaum proletar harus mengalami class consciousness terlebih dahulu. Pada akhirnya, class struggle dapat dilihat dari reaksi Katnis Everdeen. Pengaruh Marxisme dapat dilihat melalui penggambaraan class

struggle yang dilakukan kaum proletar terhadap kaum borjuis yang

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study

Naturally, human being are given the right to live their lives the way he or she wants without being interfered by the others. Each person is supposed to control their own lives. In the Capitalist society however, not every person gets the right to control their lives the way they want. People are divided into classes. There are upper class and lower class. The upper class is mostly occupied by those who own means of production whereas those who do not own the means of production are noticeably occupying the lower class. These two classes in Marxism known as the Bourgeois and the Proletariat. Since the working class consists of those who do not own the means of production, they work for the upper class, selling their labor power to earn wage. Barry in his book states that, in capitalist society when it comes about the interest of the capitalist, “the workers are bereft of their full humanity and are thought of as „hands‟ or „the labour force‟. People, in a word, become things.” (2002: 157).

In this kind of society, there is no welfare that is supposed to be taken care by the government provided for the lower class. The lower class will always be controlled by the upper class; they have got no right to live their own lives. Everything has to be based on the government‟s decisions. It is an undisputed matter for them to receive low wage which is often not equal to the work they have done. These kinds of treatment are the examples of how things are being controlled by those who have more power in the Capitalist society.

In capitalist society, the upper class will always have more benefits and the working class or the proletariat will always be working but receive disproportionate earning for what they have done. This is what the writer found in The Hunger Games:

Catching Fire by Suzanne Collins. The main character of this book Katniss Everdeen,

the girl from district 12 is denoted as the pioneer of rebellion. In the story, the world of Katniss and the other people in the twelve districts are controlled by the government represented by the capitol. There seems to be a gap between the government and the people. Everything has to be based on capitol‟s decision, people are forced to work for government‟s sake and the government also will take all the resource from each district for their own interest. People are basically being suppressed by the government.

The writer chooses Suzanne Collin‟s Catching Fire as the literary work to be

studied because the main character of the novel, Katniss Everdeen, is somehow reflecting the people with less power oppressed by the upper class or those who have more power. This novel also depicts the condition of social and economic lives regarding human rights. Through this novel it can be seen how those people with more power have full control over those with less power.

In the story, Katniss and the people from the same district stand as the ones who are being repressed by the capitol. Even if she has won the game which is actually the key to escape from the poverty, she is still being repressed by the capitol. She has got freedom but it is only temporary when she finally has to go back to the arena again on capitol‟s demand. This novel is not only telling how a brave young girl

this main character represents the working class in the story that is being controlled by the upper class, finally against all odd making a one big step to fight against the higher power.

B. Problem Formulation

There are some questions that are proposed to help the writer to conduct this research. To analyze the main character, the unequal treatments, and the class struggle will be covered by these three questions.

1. How is Katniss characterized in the novel?

2. How are the unequal treatments done by the Bourgeois depicted in the novel? 3. How do Katniss‟ reactions reflect the class struggle towards the unequal

treatment?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on the problem formulation, this study has several aims to be reached. The first aim is analyzing the depiction of the main character in the novel. This will be helpful for the writer to identify how the unequal treatments are done by the Bourgeois through the characterization of the main character. In order to find out the reactions of the main character, the writer has to see how the unequal treatments are done first. So, the second aim is to find out the unequal treatments performed by the upper class towards the lower class in the novel. The identification of the unequal treatments can be seen through the characterization of the main character. Finally, the third aim is to find out how the main character‟s reactions reflect the class struggle that emerges as the impact of the unequal treatments.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding in reading this study, the writer provides the definitions of some terms that are used in this study.

Nikolai Bukharin describes class struggle as “a struggle in which one class has entered into action against the other class” (1969: 298). Class struggle, in other words, is the movement develops when the oppressed class or the working class realizes that they in some point are being oppressed by the upper class. This can occur also when the one class‟ interest is in opposition to another. For example, if the interest of the upper class is to get much profit for them while the working class tends to strive for more proportionate earnings, it can be seen that the two classes have obviously opposite interests. Thus, the struggle can be developed from this stage.

Bourgeois, quoting from Engels in The Marx-Engels Reader is “the class of modern Capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employer of wage-labor” (Tucker, 1978: 473). Meaning to say this certain class is the one who has control over those who are the working class.

The working class or the Proletariat o the other hand is defined as “the class of modern wage-laborers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labor-power in order to live” (Tucker, 1978: 473). This class is described as the one with no power, since they are the one who have no means of production. Hence, they are selling their labor in order to get the earnings. In Capitalists society, this class is considered as the lower class.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this following chapter, the review of related studies and theories is provided in order to support the analysis of the study. This chapter is divided into two sub-chapters. The first one is the review of related studies contained some criticism and comment about the work of literature. The second one is the review of related theories contained the theories that related to the study.

A.Review of Related Studies

Suzanne Collin‟s Catching Fire is the sequel of the previous book Hunger Game and most known for its violent element in the story. Nevertheless, the book

itself has received many honorable awards from USA Today, New York Times, Wall Street Journal and many more credible media for the bestselling book back in 2009. The story itself is actually the influence of the author‟s life background. “An Interview with Suzanne Collin” by James Blasingame reveals that the author‟s father was in the military and also a professor in West Point Academy. From the interview the author also states that her father was an intelligent and very knowledgeable person and it is no doubt that she is influenced by her father‟s education and life experience.

Through Catching Fire, it can be seen how those who have more power, in this case the Capitol is actually anxious of being overthrown by the proletariats or the working class. Thus, in order to hold off any action of revolutionary they manipulate their power towards the working class.

Benjamin J. Geistfeld on his thesis entitled “Playing Games: Governmental Influence and Personal Assertion in Suzanne Collins‟ The Hunger Games Series” discusses about the influence of the two government in The Hunger Games Series toward the protagonist Katniss Everdeen. Each of the government has their own method to support their own agendas. According to Giestfeld,

The oppressive governments in these young adult novels create the social conditions from which the protagonists must remove themselves, and the protagonists successfully remove themselves from those social conditions by acting on their own interests rather than the government‟s interests (2013: 1).

Such condition is what he found on Suzanne Collins‟ The Hunger Games Series. Catching Fire is one of The Hunger Games series indirectly shows how people

who have less power are being treated unequally and controlled by those who have more power. It is also stated that

Citizens in the classes who hold power (the upper classes) often justify their exploitation by denying the human status of the citizens they are exploiting (the lower classes). Because citizens of the lower classes no longer hold human status, they often have fewer rights than citizens in the upper classes (Giestfeld, 2013: 15).

Meanwhile a thesis done by Hardian Putra Pratama on “Class Struggle as the Impact of Oppression Seen in Clifford Odets‟ Waiting for Lefty: A Marxist Study”

sees the class struggle through Waiting for Lefty. Pratama on his thesis states that, all people, no matter what social class and life background they have, deserve welfare and through Waiting for Lefty the writer tries to describe that situation (2009: 3).

In order to see the class struggle in the novel, the writer of this thesis analyzes the characters in the novel and then classifies into the two main classes namely proletariat and the capitalist. After that the writer analyzes the oppression done by the capitalist towards the proletarian. On his thesis, the writer applies theory on character and characterization, theory of Marxism that includes theory of social class, theory of oppression, theory of alienation, theory of class consciousness and theory of class struggle to analyze the problems mentioned above.

Through the analysis, the writer finds that there are two main classes in capitalist society; they are capitalist and the proletariat. The former is the capitalist while the latter is the proletarian. The writer discovers that the capitalist oppresses the proletarian to get benefit for their own sake. The class struggle then is done when the proletarian start to realize that they are being used by the capitalist. However, before the class struggle, the proletarian encounter some phases. The first phase is the alienation as the result of oppression, after that class consciousness when they realize that they as one united class are being tortured by another class. The last phase is the class struggle when the proletarian as an oppressed class feel that they are facing the same enemy and they think they have to struggle against the oppressor together. In the end the idea of Marxism can be seen through the struggle of the proletarian against the capitalist who bluntly oppress them (Pratama, 2009: 70-73).

Yohanes Tuaderu on his thesis entitled “Class Struggle in Capitalist Society as Depicted in George Bernard Shaw‟s Pygmalion” states that class

struggle occurs when the interest of the two classes are no longer the same. In other word, when the capitalist prioritizes their interest more than the working class including ignoring the welfare of the working class and the human aspects of the workers (Tuaderu, 2008: 140). There are two aims in this thesis, they are to reveal the social condition in capitalist society and to find how the character‟s reaction toward the social condition as the portrait of the class struggle.

From the analysis, it can be seen that there are practices of class distinction and human exploitation in industry sphere in the society in England by the end of nineteenth century till the early twentieth century. Meanwhile, the class struggle which is done by the main character of Pygmalion is the portrait of the working class that is trying to free themselves from the poverty and gain the own rights.

Another thesis entitled “Jerry‟s “Class Struggle in Edward Albee‟s The Zoo Story”. In his thesis, the writer tries to see the class struggle through an

absurd play. According to the writer, the play itself plays its role as a literary critic toward economy, political, and social life (Kristanto, 2010: 7).

The aims of the study are to analyze the social conditions in the play and how the characters behave. This thesis uses Marxist theory and sociological approach to examine the class struggle. From the analysis, the writer finds that social disparity cannot be separated from our lives and the disparity between the upper class and lower class is clearly depicted in the play. The writer finds that the gap between the two classes is too wide. The upper class who owns a lot of wealth becoming much richer but they have no empathy towards the lower class.

In the study, it is concluded that Jerry, as the representation of the lower class, tries to get Peter‟s attention because he wants to be equal to him. Meaning to say, Jerry wants to omit the class distinction in the society so that he can be free from the alienation. In the end, Jerry succeeds in achieving his dream but it takes his own life to get it. Second finding, is that Peter, who comes from the upper class, tends to control his position. By answering Jerry‟s questions reluctantly, he shows that they are in a different position and his reluctance to share the bench symbolizes his willingness to keep his social status (Kristanto, 2010: 60-62).

This research will develop other studies mentioned above but unlike the previous studies that have been mentioned before, this research will try to analyze the same problem in a different literary work by using the same approach. This research focuses on how the unequal treatment performed by the upper class shows how the power is maintained by the upper class thus will result the struggle among the class.

B.Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Character

Character is always included as one of the elements of a story. Mostly through characters, the author can deliver the idea of the story. In A Glossary of

Literary Terms characters are defined as the persons presented in literary work

equipped with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say through the dialogue and by what they do through the action. (Abrams, 1985: 23). What the characters say and do need to be understood in order to do the analysis of the characters in a literary work.

2. Theory of Characterization

The way the author presents the character in the story is known as characterization. Perrine’s Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense proposes two ways the authors often uses to present their characters (Arp and Johnson, 2009: 162). The first way is direct presentation where the author will present the characters explicitly through the exposition or analysis, the description of the characters, or through another character in the story that describes them. Through the indirect presentation, the author will let the readers interpret the characters through their actions in the story. The readers will determine what the characters are like by what they say or do in the story.

According to Murphy there are nine ways of an author revealing the characterization to the readers. Those nine ways are described as follow.

1. Personal Description

The character is being described by the author, for example the author can describe the character‟s appearance through his body or clothes.

2. Character as seen by another

The author describes the character using the point of view or the opinion of other character.

3. Speech

The author describes the character through what he or she says. The readers can see the characteristics of the character whenever that one character speaks, or in the conversation with another, or giving his opinion.

4. Past life

The author gives clue to events that helped to shape the characteristics of the character. It is done by direct comment by the author himself, through the person‟s thought, through the conversation or meeting with another person. 5. Conversation of others

The characteristic of the person can be revealed through the conversation of other person. The things that other persons say about that one person often give the clues about that person‟s characteristics.

6. Reactions

The author lets the readers know or see how the person reacts to a various situation or events because the readers can see the person‟s attitude through his or her reaction.

7. Direct comment

The person‟s characteristics are being described or commented directly by the author.

8. Thoughts

The author freely presents the direct knowledge of what the person is thinking about and the readers are in a privileged position for knowing the thought of the person.

9. Mannerism

The author describes a person‟s mannerism, habits or peculiarity that might reveal something about the person‟s characteristics to the readers. (1972: 161-172)

3. Theory of Marxism

Marxism is a theory originally proposed by Karl Marx and Friederich Engel. This theory focuses on the condition of the society and the struggle of the people within it. The aim of this theory itself is to generate world without class or quoting what Barry says on his book, “The aim of Marxism is to bring about a classless society based on the common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange.” (2002: 156). Moreover he adds,

Marxist sees progress as coming about through struggle for power between different social classes. This view of history as class struggle (instead of, for instance a succession of dynasties, or as a gradual progress towards the attainment of national identity and sovereignty) regards it as „motored‟ by the competition for economic, social, and political advantage. The exploitation of one social class by another is seen especially in modern industrial capitalism, particularly in its unrestricted nineteenth-century form (2002: 157).

In other words, class struggle in the context of Marxist is considered as a competition for economical, social and political advantage. The aspect that triggers this struggle is certainly the condition of economical, social and political that is unfair for one class in such industrial society.

Alfred G. Meyer writes that in Marxism all relationships between classes are necessarily exploitative relationship; there is a division where some classes will always carry the main burden of labor while getting the smallest share of the social product while other classes are the opposite of it, living in comparative leisure and getting the most of all benefits. Meyer also emphasizes the aspect that enables one class to maintain its position of dominance and conducting this kind of exploitative relationship is power. Power of the ruling class in Marxian view,

he writes, is the “control it wields over the essential means of production and communication.” (1954: 19-20).

The focus of this study is the class struggle as the impact of the unequal treatment performed by the ruling class; hence there are six theories of many theories in Marxism that will be employed in this study. They are theory of social class, panopticon, interpellation, class consciousness and class struggle.

a. Theory of Social Class

Nikolai Bukharin defines class as “a category of persons united by a common role in the production process, a totality in which each member has about the same relative position with regard to the other functions in the production process” (1969: 278-279). Meanwhile social class is “the aggregate of person playing the same part in production, standing the same relation toward other persons in the production process, these relations being also expressed in things (instrument of labor)” (1969: 276). In other words the members of social class consist of the people who bear the same relation in the society. For example, the textile workers and mine workers are in the same class because they share the same relation to certain persons (the owner) that control their work. Likewise, for the owners of textile and mine, they are in the same class because of the common position they have as the owner of textile and mine factories.

According to Ralf Dahrendorf in Class and Class Conflict in Industrial

Society,

The determinant of classes is “property”. Property, however, must not be understood in terms of purely passive wealth but as an effective force of production as “ownership of means of production” and its denial to others

Thus, the ownership of property as the means of production determines the classification of people in certain society. Those who own the means of production will be considered as the upper class, while those who do not have any means of production belong to the lower class.

Gary Day‟s Class asserts that, Marx called the class who owned the means

of production, the Bourgeois and the class who sold their labor power, the proletariat. According to Marx, these two classes have different interests. The Bourgeois seeks for the highest profit and in order to reach that they pay the workers the lowest wage as possible while demanding the worker to attain the highest level of productivity (2001: 7).

In the Communist Manifesto Marx adds that “our epoch, the epoch of the Bourgeois, possesses, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms” (1967: 80). Society as a whole splitting into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeois and Proletariat.

b. Theory of Panopticon

Panopticon was concept of building first established by English Philosoper and Social theorist Jeremy Bentham in the late 18th century. This concept afterward developed by Michel Foucault in his book Power/Knowledge. He describes Panopticon as an implicit model of power (1980: 71).

In his book, Foucault explains that panopticon is basically a type of construction, sort of prison building where there is a perimeter in the form of ring

there. The function is to watch the building more effectively because with this concept of building the overseer will be able to gaze everything that happens around the building while he himself cannot be seen by the others. Foucault adds, “in short, the principle of the dungeon is reversed; daylight and the overseer's gaze capture the inmate more effectively than darkness, which afforded after all a sort of protection” (1980: 147).

In addition, this system according to Betham was a great innovation that is needed for the easy and effective exercise of power. However, the procedure of power that are applied in the modern societies are more vary, and rich. (1980: 148).

c. Theory of Interpellation

This theory is proposed by French Marxist theoretician, Louis Althusser (1918-1990). According to Peter Barry, Ideology is a key term for Althusser, as for all Marxists. It is a broad concept variously defined within Marxism (Barry, 2002: 163). Barry explains Althusser‟s idea of ideology by quoting from Philip Goldsteins‟s The Politics of Literary: An Introduction to Marxist Criticism as

follows:

Ideology is a system (possessing its logic and proper rigour) of representations (images, myths, ideas, concept, according to the case) endowed with an existence and an historical role at heart of a given society (2002: 163).

In other words, ideology is a belief, attitude, values, in a society, can be its history, culture, and custom that has been set in the society.

For Althuser himself, ideology is not a matter of conscious belief, attitudes and values nor is it a matter of “false consciousness” –

imposed on individuals to persuade them that there is no real contradiction between capital and labor or, more crudely, between the interest of the working class and ruling class. In Modern Literary Theory, he states that “it is, rather, a matter of the representation of imaginary version of the real social relations that people live. These imaginary versions of the real social relations are necessary for the perpetuation of the capitalist system” (1977: 51).

Ideology does not establish itself simply through consciousness nor through disembodied ideas but through systems and structure. Ideology is presented in the representations (the signs) and the practices (the rituals) of everyday life. Most importantly, it is through ideology that individuals are constituted as „subjects‟ – misrecognizing themselves as free and independent beings with unique subjectivities. Ideology needs agent to reproduce itself in the society. The main agencies for the reproduction of ideology and the subject are what Althusser calls the „Ideological State Apparatuses‟ (ISAs). It is a certain number of realities which present themselves to the immediate observer in the form of distinct and specialized institutions. It is included, religion, education, family, laws, politic, trade union, communications and culture.

This system is closely related to Interpellation. It is a trick invented by Althusser where we are made to think that we can choose while we actually have no choice at all (Barry, 2000: 165). According to Althusser on Peter Barry‟s book, this trick is used in capitalist society to make us feel like free agents („You can have any color you like…‟) while actually imposing things upon us („…as long as

individual is encouraged to see herself or himself as an entity free and independent of social forces” (2002: 165).

As for hegemony, a term given by the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci (1891-1934). Quoting Williams, Barry defines hegemony as „the whole lived social process as practically organized by specific and dominant meanings, values and beliefs of a kind which can be abstracted as a “world view” or “class outlook” (2002: 164). In other words, hegemony is a kind of ideology that is dominant and able to influence the people without being forced. When this kind of system is applied in the society, people will feel like they have freedom where they actually don‟t. In the Beginning Theory, William relates Hegemony to culture in general

and ideology in particular. Hegemony is like a form of social control that has been internalized and can make certain views seem “natural” or visible so that they hardly seem like views at all, „just the way things are‟ (Barry, 2002: 164-165). Ever since this term is relatively connected to the concept of ideology, it can also be seen as the element of interpellation. Hegemony and ideology can be used to see how far the interpellation is applied in certain society.

d. Theory of Class Consciousness

Jozef Wilczynski defines class consciousness as “the awareness and understanding by members or group of a particular layer of society belonging to a distinct social class.” (1981: 78). Theory of class consciousness is one of the fundamental theories in Marxism. If there is no class consciousness there will not be any struggle between classes. This concept of class consciousness is Marxist in origin, expounded particularly by Engels and Lenin who stressed a need for the

development of an antagonistic of the proletariat against the Bourgeois. In this context it involves:

1. Realization amongst the workers that they constitute a distinct and fraternal social class, both nationally and internationally, and separate from the rest of society.

2. The workers‟ pride in their belongings to the largest class, united by common problems and a struggle for the just cause.

3. The conviction that the interests of the proletariat are irreconcilably opposed to those of the Bourgeois, against which the workers must unite and fight to ensure social justice and to achieve a classless society. (Wilczynski, 1981: 78).

Hence, to conduct class struggle, class consciousness in the context of Marxism is a significant necessity. One class must first realizes where they stand, then acknowledge their common interest which is to achieve social justice and the common problems which is the experience of being oppressed by the other class or in this context the capitalist. Thus, they will unite as one class with a common interest and problem and form a class struggle as the impact of oppression done by the capitalist.

There are two stages of the development of class consciousness proposed by Hegel that is later adapted by Marx and Engels. “Class “in itself” and class for itself” is Hegelian concept adapted and used in classical Marxist terminology (Especially by Marx and Engles)” (Wilczynski, 1981: 79).

The former indicates the earlier stage, when workers become aware of their grievances against capitalist. If they take any action, it is directed against individual employers, not capitalist as a class. In this stage the workers have gone through the oppression done by the capitalist and if they take any action to fight

movement against their employers individually not capitalist as a class because they see capitalist as the group of oppressor. The later stage class “for itself”, workers become conscious of their class identity. They start to realize that there are actually two classes in the society they are proletariat and capitalist. These two classes are opposite to each other. Thus, any action by the proletariat in this stage directed to the capitalist is the impact of their demand of social justice and considered as an act of one class (proletariat) against capitalist (Bourgeois) as a class who act as the oppressor.

e. Theory of Class Struggle

In Beginning Theory, Karl Marx defines struggle in the society as class struggle and Marxism sees the struggle as the power between different social classes (Barry, 2002: 157). This struggle mainly is driven by the competition for economic, social, and political advantage. However, the idea of class struggle itself is not originally coming from Karl Marx. Henry B. Mayo writes that the idea of class struggle did not, as we know, originate with Marx. Its existence has been recognized from years before Marx lived but actually it was only Marx who made it into the mainspring of history (1960: 93).

Nikolai Bukharin describes class struggle as “a struggle in which one class has entered into action against the other class” (1969: 298). This struggle happens when the oppressed class realizes that they in some point are being oppressed by another class. In Gary Day‟s Class, Marx located the source of this conflict in the

fact that one class owned the means of production, while the other class owned nothing but their labor power which they were obliged to sell in order to survive.

The antagonism between the classes, based on their different relations to production, makes them conscious of themselves as classes and this leads to conflict (2001: 6-7). As it has been mentioned before, these two classes have different interest and thus it leads to conflict. One class strives for such big profit with low expense on the production which means paying low wage to the working class while another class strives for better wage in return for their labor power.

It is clearly seen that the one who owns the means of production has more power than the one who only has the labor power. Alfred G. Meyer emphasizes that all relationship between classes are necessarily exploitative relationship and the answer to Marx‟s question about the factor that enables the exploiter class to maintain its position of dominance and to perpetuate exploitative relationship is power. The power itself lays in the means of production. What he means by the power here is the control which enables a class to exploit those classes with no such control, to maintain economic, social, and political inequalities. It is this control which makes a class the ruling class (1954: 19-20). Thus, class struggle will take place between the Proletariat and the Bourgeois. Jozef Wilczynski adds furthermore that there are two basics of class struggle;

1. Economic: a struggle for the improvement of the condition of work and a change in the principle governing the distribution of the fruits of the labor.

2. Political: a struggle for the seizure and maintenance of political power (1981: 80).

C.Theoretical Framework

In order to answer problem formulation, the contribution of theories is needed. Thus, the review of related study will be needed to add more information, critique, and comment towards Catching Fire. The review of related theories along with the review of related studies will give deeper insight about the study.

Ever since the focus of this study is class struggle, several theories in Marxism will be used to analyze the study. Those theories are theories of social class, panopticon, interpellation, alienation, class consciousness, and class struggle itself. Those theories are significant since the writer uses Marxist as the approach. To analyze the novel and to answer the problem mentioned in the first chapter, the character and characterization will be analyzed using theories of character and characterization by M. H. Abrams, Johnson and Murphy. Later on, from the analysis of the character and characterization, the writer will analyze how the unequal treatment done by the capitalist toward the main character is depicted in the novel. In this step, theories of social class, panopticon, and interpellation will be used to see how the upper class performs the unequal treatment toward the lower class and also how the upper class will try to maintain their power. Theory of class consciousness will be applied on the next step in order to see when the oppressed class or the proletariat starts to realize that they are being treated unequally by the Bourgeois. The theory of class consciousness is applied in order to see whether the Proleteratiat can finally see their class identity or not since if there is no consciousness there will be no struggle. Finally, the writer will find out the depiction of class struggle that can be found in the novel

using theories of class struggle. Theory of class struggle is used in order to see how the reactions of the main character reflect the class struggle against the unequal treatment and also to see how struggle is done by the main character, Katniss Everdeen. Since all the reactions cannot be directly classified as class struggle, this theory is applied in order to identify which reactions of the character that can be classified as class struggle.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is Suzanne Collin’s second book of the Trilogy of Hunger Games, Catching Fire. This book was first published in 2009 by the

Scholastic Press. It has earned a lot of excellent reviews from the well-known media such as Time Magazine, The New York Times Book Review and also awards from Black-Eyed Susan Book Award, Garden State Teen Book Award, School Library Journal Best Books of the Year, Young Readers Choice Award and many more. Like the previous book, this second book of the Trilogy of Hunger Games has also been brought into motion pictures and again has earned so many awards.

This second book mainly tells about the struggle of Katniss Everdeen and her partner Peeta Melark, the winners of the annual Hunger Games who have to enter the game again. This all has something to do with their winning in the previous game which somehow is considered as the act of defiance by the Capitol, their government and has ignited some sparks of rebellion in the districts of Panem. Taking all the risks, Katniss goes back to the game for the sake of her family and friends and also Peeta, her partner. However, as the story develops it turns out Katniss wants to fight back the government which has been treating the people in the districts unjustly and through the Hunger Games she completed her rebellion.

Through this book, the author tries to deliver certain messages to the readers. Seeing how she describes the government treats the people unfairly and how Katniss as a part of those people who receive those unequal treatments reacts is actually

showing that the author wants the readers to be aware with their circumstances, with the situation around them. Any unfair acts or unequal treatments by the government towards the people should be unacceptable.

B. Approach of the Study

In order to do the analysis, the writer uses Marxist approach. Marxist approach is the belief of Marx that focuses on the contradiction between different classes that later on will result an uprising from one certain class. The uprising is known as class struggle in Marxism and has become the main concern of this study. Karl Marx and Friederich Engels state that “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle” (1967: 79). This shows that class struggle has been the main concern of Marxist since long time ago. The aim of Marxism itself “to bring classless society, based on the common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange” (Barry, 2002: 150).

Marxist criticism tends to deal with history in a fairly generalized way. It talks about conflict between social classes and clashes of large historical forces. It is also mentioned by Peter Barry on his book that, “Marxist sees progress as coming about through the struggle for power between different social classes” (2002: 151). Barry adds that this view of history as class struggle is an impact of the competition for economical, social and political advantage between the classes. Raymond Williams in

Marxism and Literature states that “Marxism extended the definition of rule and

domination to relations between social classes” (1977: 108). It shows that Marxism puts the contradiction between social classes as the highlight or concern of the study.

Hence, using Marxist approach will be sufficient to help the writer conducting deeper analysis on Suzanne Collin’s Catching Fire.

C. Method of the Study

In doing the analysis of the study, the writer applied library research instead of field research because the data to support the analysis were only available in the form of textbook. The most important data for the analysis were mostly found in the books at the library because the books at the library contained sufficient information regarding the topic the writer were studying.

The writer used systematic steps to do the analysis. The first was reading. The writer read the novel repeatedly in order to gain deeper understanding about the story itself. The second, the writer collected the data so the problem formulation could be formulated. The primary data was collected from the novel. The third, the writer used the theories that had been collected as secondary data to analyze the problems formulation. Fourth, the writer answered the problems formulation using the theories that were employed as the main analysis of this study. Finally, the writer concluded the analysis to get the summary of the study.

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

This chapter contains the answers of the problem formulation mentioned in the previous chapter. This chapter consists of three sub-chapters. The first is about the depiction of the Katniss Everdeen, the major character in the novel. The second part is about the unequal treatments performed by the Bourgeois. The third part is discussing about the portrayal of the class struggle as the impact of the unequal treatments done by Bourgeois through Katniss‟ reactions.

A. The Characterization of Katniss Everdeen

Katniss Everdeen is the major character in the story. In Catching Fire, there are more than ten characters that are involved in the story and generally they can be divided into two groups, protagonist and antagonist. Protagonist is the first or main character in the story while antagonist is the opposite of it or the characters who are against the main character. Katniss is the protagonist in the story. In this study, the writer will only study about Katniss as the main character of the story.

In describing the character, the writer employs the theory of character by M.H. Abrams. By using Abrams‟ theory, the writer will examine the persons in the story through what they say and do. To go on deeper analysis on character the writer will also use theory of characterization by Johnson and M. J. Murphy. In Johnson, there will be two ways to describe the character, direct and indirect interpretation while in Murphy‟s theory there will be nine ways in seeing the

author through personal description, character seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of other, reaction, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerism. Since the writer will only study about Katniss Everdeen, the analysis will go straight to the characterization of this character.

As it is mentioned before Katniss Everdeen is the main character in the story. She is the girl from district twelve who voluntarily went to Hunger Games substituting her little sister. In the story, Katniss is portrayed as a strong and brave girl. She goes for hunting to survive even though it is forbidden. Living only with her mother and her little sister makes her become kind of girl who has instinct to protect the others. Especially those that she thinks are weaker. When her friend, Gale is punished by the peacekeeper, she steps up to protect him directly from the whipping. It can be dangerous for her but she could not think of anything else but to protect her friend.

No! I cry, and spring forward. It‟s too late to stop the arm from descending, and I instinctively know I won‟t have the power to block it. Instead I throw myself directly between the whip and Gale. I‟ve flung out my arms to protect as much of his broken body as possible, so there‟s nothing to deflect the lash. I take full force of it across the left side of my face (Collins, 2009: 106).

It can also be seen when she is dragged back to the game and all she thinks about is only to keep Peeta alive in the game. She even begs Haymitch to conspire with her in order to save Peeta in the game.

“Okay, I figure out what I‟m asking,” I say. “If it‟s Peeta and me in the games, this time we try to keep him alive.” Something flickers across his bloodshot eyes. Pain. “Like you said, it‟s going to be bad no matter how you slice it. and whatever Peeta wants, it‟s his turn to be saved. We both owe him that.” my voice take pleading tone. “Besides, the capitol hates me so much, I‟m as good as dead now. He still might have a chance. Please,

Haymitch. Say you‟ll help me.” He frowns at his bottle, weighing my words. “All right,” he says finally (Collins, 2009:178-179).

Other proof that shows her instinct to protect is when Haymitch asks her to find some allies from other Districts Katniss prefers to get together with two tributes from District three that are considered as a joke by most of the tributes.

They‟re a little strange, but I‟m pretty sure neither of them is going to try

to make me uncomfortable by stripping naked…, Wires and Beetee make

a decent company. They seem friendly enough but don‟t pry. We talk about our talents; they tell me they both invent things, which makes my

supposed interest in fashion seem pretty weak…, Well, Wires and Beetee

are smart. They invent things. They could tell by sight that a force field had been put up between us and the Gamemakers. And if we have to have allies, I want them (Collins, 2009: 226, 227, & 230).

From the quotation above it can be seen that Katniss sees the two tributes from different perspective. She figures out that the two tributes she likes are slightly good in fighting. Other tributes view District three‟s tribute as a joke. However, she knows they are weak but they have their brains and that is why she wants to have them as the allies so that she can protect them. From the training session, she can tell that they are bright people and it can be something useful in the arena.

Katniss is also portrayed as someone who concerns about others in every situation she is in. In every decision that she makes, she will think about others first before herself. It can be seen when she almost gives up on her hunting in the wood, but she keeps on waiting so that she will get fresh meat for her friend‟s family.

I‟ve been in the woods three hours, but as I‟ve made no real attempt at hunting. I have nothing to show for it. It doesn‟t matter for my mother and little sister, Prim, anymore. They can afford to buy butcher meat in town, although none of us likes it any better than fresh game. But my best friend,

It is mentioned in the quotation above, she has been in the woods for three hours and still gets nothing. She actually can give up today‟s haunting but she thinks of her best friend‟s family that needs her catch so she stay still in the woods until she gets something for them.

It can also be seen when she has the visit from President Snow who comes to warn her regarding what she did back in the game which has led to the acts of uprising in some districts and also to make her promise to convince the president that she is not defying the capitol.

The first question is who to tell, if anyone. Not my mother or Prim, obviously; they‟d only become sick with worry. Not Gale. Even if I could get word to him. what would he do with the information, anyway? If he were alone, I might try to persuade him to run away. Certainly he could survive in the wood. But he‟s not alone and he‟d never leave his family. Or me. When I get home I‟ll have to tell him something about why our Sundays are a thing of the past, but I can‟t think about that now. Only about my next move. Besides, Gale‟s already so angry and frustrated with the Capitol that I sometimes think he‟s going to arrange his own uprising. The last thing he needs is an incentive. No, I can‟t tell anyone I‟m leaving behind in District 12 (Collins, 2009: 32-33).

She is very concerned about the situation that she has got into after the visit from president snow. She starts thinking about someone she can tell the situation about but she does not want to tell her family or even her best friend because she knows they can be in danger or do something dangerous if they know about it.

Katniss often shows her disgusts about the Capitol, especially about President Snow, the man who commands everything in their world. The one who creates the regulation and controls everything in their world. President Snow is the last person that Katniss would like to encounter but when he visits her in her

Perhaps it is the newness of the house or the shock of seeing him or the mutual understanding that he could have me killed in a second that makes me feel like the intruder. As if this is his home and I‟m the uninvited party. So I don‟t welcome him or offer him a chair. I don‟t say anything. In fact, I treat him as if he‟s a real snake, the venomous kind. I stand motionless, my eyes locked on him, considering plans of retreat (Collins, 2009: 19). Katniss‟ reaction towards President Snow in the quotation above also signifies that there is a gap that separates both of them. It also shows that Katniss feels inferior under the presence of the President Snow.

It can also be seen from Katniss‟ thought about President Snow‟s statement about the impact of the uprisings that she may have caused in several districts.

“There have been uprisings?” I ask, both chilled and somewhat elated by the possibility.

“Not yet. But they‟ll follow if the course of things doesn‟t change. And uprisings have been known to lead to revolution.” President Snow rubs a spot over his left eyebrow, the very sport where I myself get headache. “Do you have any idea what that would mean? How many people would die? What conditions those left would have to face? Whatever problems anyone may have with the Capitol, believe me when I say that if it released its grip on the districts for even a short time, the entire system would collapse. I‟m taken aback by the directness and even the sincerity of this speech. As if his primary concern is the welfare of the citizens of Panem, when nothing could be further from the truth. I don‟t know how I dare to say the next words, but I do. “It must be very fragile, if a handful of berries can bring it down” (Collins, 2009: 21-22).

From the quotation above, Katniss seems to make ironic comments about President Snow‟s statement through her thought. It can also be seen when she said to herself that she is staggered by the things that she just heard from President Snow because the things that President Snow tell seems false to her. It is about the impact of the uprising and President Snow talks about it like he really thinks about

the welfare of the people in the districts, as if he really cares about them instead of his supremacy.

B.Unequal Treatments Done by The Bourgeois

From the characterization in the previous chapter, there are two separated class that can be seen in Catching Fire, the Capitol as the upper class or the Bourgeoise and people who live in the district as the proletariat. Katniss represents the latter. As the one who owns the means of production which implies that they have more power, the Capitol holds everything under their control and in order to uphold their control over the lower class, the system, the rules, and the custom, everything related to the lives of people in the Districts, in this context the proletariat, are under the authority of the Capitol. However, the system that they apply to the proletariat somehow leads to a form of unequal treatments to the lower class.

Unequal treatements perpetuated by the Capitol in order to uphold the status quo. The condition where there is one class is at lost and another is not. In the story, people in the district live in a very different lives from the ones who live in the Capitol. As it is mentioned before, the Capitol do things unequally to the people in order to maintain their power.

The Capitol holds this annual game as a way to control their power over the people in the District. Hunger Games itself come out as the result of the rebellion done by the ancestors of the lower class. It is the means of the Capitol to control the proletariat and the proletariat however, cannot resist because they have limitation. Since they are only the proletariat, they will not dare to resist the rule.

This system also has been going for quite a long time in their world. That being said, it is like an ideology that is planted on the their mind that they are nothing compare to the upper class. Barry proposes Althuser‟s term interpellation which signifies the way each person is made to see him or herself as an entity free and independent of social forces (Barry, 2002). People, in a way are being led to accept their condition even if the condition is harmful for them.

In the story, the game works by sending two kids from each district, called as tributes, to a superficial area designed specifically for the game and have them kill each other until the last one who manages to survive, will be crowned as the winner. Katniss Everdeen is one of the kids who went to the Hunger Games. She volunteers to substitute her little sister and wins the game. In the Games, the capitol only want to have one victor. Something which has become the part of the game tradition for years. At that time the remaining tributes are only Katniss and her partner Peeta. Therefore, she attempts to eat the poisoned berries together with her partner instead of killing each other to be the victor and that makes it look like she outsmarts the system that has been built by the Capitol. Her last act is considered as an act of defiance against the capitol. This situation then gives her a difficult situation which will lead to her return to the game. The capitol has been controlling Katniss by making her think that she is free after the Hunger Games but she is actually not. It works by sending Katniss back into the Seventy-fifth Hunger Games which previously did not have victors from the previous games as the tributes.

overcome the power of the Capitol, the male and female tributes will be reaped from the existing pool of victors… What does it mean? Existing pool of victors? Then I get it, what it means. At least for me. District 12 only has three existing victors two choose from. Two male. One female… I am going back to the arena (Collins, 2009: 172-173).

In the previous Quartel Quells, the tributes are drawn from the result of voting. So, all of the people in the districts have to vote for two kids that they think should go to the arena representing the district. However, for this year the Capitol change the rules and it means Katniss has to go back again to the Games. Since she is the very reason that emerges the uprising in some districts, Capitol considers her as a threat. Therefore, they manipulate the rules of the Games to get her back into the Games so that the rebels will have no guts to do the uprisings. Katniss, herself, cannot fight the rules because the law has been laid out and the Capitol has been planting the idea that the Games itself is the impact of the rebellion done by their ancestors so they have no choice other than to follow the rules.

This is considered as the unequal treatment because the deal is that all the victors of The Hunger Games are out of the reaping life. Katniss and other victors are made to think that they are free but actually they are not. As the one who has more power, the Capitol will always control them. Drawing Katniss and other victors as well back into the game signify that the Capitol try to uphold their power. This also emphasizes Capitol‟s remarks that even the strongest among the people in the lower class cannot do anything against them. Something that the Capitol has been planted to the people‟s mind that they would have no power against the Capitol.

The Capitol always makes people believe what they tell to the people even if it is the opposite of the truth. The information that is being distributed around the Districts has to be based on the Capitol‟s approval. Other than that it will be banned. People will not watch the television if it is not for the mandatory programming that will broadcast live from the Capitol. So, people will have to view the program on their television or they will be gathered in the square in town and view it together. The events such as Hunger Games and everything related to it are mandatory view for all people in the districts. It can be seen when Katniss‟ sister, Prim tell her that there will be a mandatory programming to her and it means they will have to sit and watch it together.

Prim comes home from the school bubbling over with excitement. The teachers announced there was mandatory programming tonight. “I think it‟s going to be your photo shoot!” “It can‟t be, Prim. They only did the pictures yesterday,” I tell her… When we gather around the television at seven-thirty, I discover that Prim is right. Sure enough, there‟s Caesar Flickerman, speaking before a standing-room-only crowd in front of the tr aining center, talking to an appreciative crowd about my upcoming nuptials (Collins, 2009: 169-170).

It can be seen that such thing has become a custom for the people in the district. It has been performed in years so people think that is common to do such thing. While actually what can be seen in such a situation is that people are indirectly made to think according to the Capitol‟s demand. They are indirectly enforced to watch the show that only confirmed by the Capitol which is to say the Capitol automatically form the way of thinking of the people.

It can also be seen when Katniss meets two girls who escape from district 8. From their conversation, Katniss figures out that all this time she has been fed

“I understand why you‟re running, but what do you expect to find in District Thirteen?” I ask. Bonnie and Twill exchange a nervous glance. “We‟re not sure exactly,” Twill says. “It‟s nothing but rubble,” I say. “We‟ve all seen the footage.” “That‟s just it. They‟ve been using the same footage for as long as anyone in District Eight can remember,” says Twill. “Really?” I try to think back, to call up the images of 13 I‟ve seen on television. “You know how they always show the Justice Building?” Twill continues. I nod. I‟ve seen it a thousand times. “If you look very carefully, you‟ll see it. Up in the far right-hand corner.” “See what?” I ask. Twill holds out her cracker with the bird again. “A mockingjay. Just a glimpse of it as it flies by. The same one every time.” “Back home, we think they keep reusing the old footage because the Capitol can‟t show what‟s really there now,” says Bonnie (Collins, 2009: 146-147).

The Capitol clearly controls everything that people see, hear and even think the way they want to from the quotation above. The stream of information is being controlled directly from those who have power so that people in a lower class will not have a chance to think about going against them. Katniss, for example thinks that District Thirteen is nothing but ruins because she has been made to think that way by the Capitol, by controlling things she that can see or hear.

The capitol intentionally hides everything from the people, anything that will cause them to do any rebellion. When Katniss is on her victory tour in District 11, she makes a spontaneous speech that causes small movement among the crowds in District 11. After she does the speech, one of the people in the crowd raises his hand and forms three fingers in the air which is the sign from Katniss‟ district. That is considered as provoking gesture as it shows how the people in the districts are on her side. For the Capitol, it is surely not something to be broadcasted live for all the people in the districts. Therefore, the broadcast of her victory tour gets cut off.

“What happened?” Effie hurries over. “We lost the feed just after Katniss‟s beautiful speech, and then Haymitch said he thought he heard a

gun fire, and I said it was ridiculous, but who knows? There are lunatics everywhere (Collins, 2009: 63).

It is clearly seen that the capitol would not want that kind of show. A show that demonstrates what they consider as an act of rebellion in front of the camera. They control what they show to the people so people will not be persuaded by that. As it is mentioned before they will make it seem like everything is just fine by controlling what they show for the people.

There are agencies to reproduce the ideology. They are what called as „Ideological State Apparatuses‟ (ISAs). Media is one of the ISAs and it can be seen that the dominant class employs this tool in order to control the people. Lead people to think that everything is just fine. In the story, the capitol use the media to control the stream of information among the working class. That is one of the ways to make people obey them. Ideology and Interpellation works the same way. They both get people to accept their current condition even if it is bad. Ideology gets people to believe that there is no contradiction between the working class and the Bourgeois. It gives imaginary versions of real social relation that are actually necessary for the perpetuation of capitalist system (Althuser, 1977).

Katniss and also other people who live in the Districts have been treated unequally. It is because the Capitol controls the information so that the Katniss and also the District people will not have access to the information even if it is about things that happen around their daily lives. That also makes them think like the way Capitol want. Their task is only to receive what Capitol tells them without even questioning. This is also an unequal treatment because they do not know the

Capitol. Her thoughts showing that instead feeling afraid of the matter, she feels relieved and actually thinking about doing something that certainly will not be approved by President Snow. The second stage of Class Consciusness “Class for Itself” found in Katniss thoughts. When she comes to her realization, she is no longer seeing either the Capitol or President Snow as an enemy. She sees them as one class, the one who treats the inequally and by that she becomes determined to fight them back.

Furthermore, the strikes that are done by Katniss are the real action

of the class struggle. Her resistance to play the game in Capitol’s term is her

main action to fight back. It goes gradually by mocking the Gamemakers in the training session. After having gone through the realization, she realizes that the Hunger Games is the way of the Capitol to control people in the Districts. It is surely a good show for the Bourgeoisie yet it is a form of opression and torturing for the Proletariat. Therefore, Katniss mocks the Gamemakers in order to show her resistance since she is determined to do anything to fight back.

The next strike in the arena is shown by her thoughts. She has realized that they all stand as one class in the society and have gone through the same experience which is the oppression of the Capitol leads her to

strenghten herself to play the Games on her own. For the sake’s of the

people in the District.

The final act of her resistance comes when she destroys the arena. Hunger Games is the means of the Capitol to have control the Proletariat. Katniss here is one of them since she has joined the Games twice. The

Enemy instead since Katniss has decided to play the Games on her own expense, she does not play it that way. It follows that in the end she destroy the arena because she comes to her realization about who the real enemy is. This final act of her resistance is done in relation to her consciousness of where she stands. As a result she destroy the arena instead of deciding to kill the tributes who are actually in the same class with her.

Moreover, from her final act of resistance it is revealed how actually some of the victors along with her mentor have conspired to do a secret movement to break out the arena. However, Katniss is excluded from this plan because it is too dangerous for her. Since she is the symbol of the revolution, they would like to keep her alive. Then again, this secret movement that is planned behind her is somehow leads her to bring the struggle into surface.

57

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59 APPENDIX

SUMMARY OF CATCHING FIRE BY SUZANNE COLLINS

Catching fire is the continuation of the first book of the trilogy of Hunger Games. It tells about Katniss Everdeen the girl who voluntarily went to the Hunger Games to replace her little sister, Prim. The first book ends by Katniss win the Games yet for the first time in their history they can have two winners of the Games which are Katniss herself and her partner Peeta Melark. In this second book, the story continues as Katniss and Peeta start living their lives as the victors of the Seventy-fourth Hunger Games. However, Katniss is haunted by the thought that she might have caused some troubled by the way she won the Games since she gets a visit directly from their president, President Snow. As the story develops, she finds out that there is actually something smelly happening in some districts in Panem that are really concerned the Capitol. President Snow himself directly orders Katniss to subdue things in the districts because he knows that the cause of the chaos was Katniss.

As the victors of the Hunger Games, Katniss and Peeta are required to do a victory tour to the Districts of Panem. Through that victory tour, Katniss is expected to convince the people in the Districts that she does not defy the Capitol by the way she won the Games. Therefore, she has to act like she is in love with her partner to show that what she does in the Games is just actually a gesture of love towards Peeta. Katniss tries all she can to convince people but she fails in the end. That leads to her coming back to the arena. The Seventy-fifth Hunger Games is celebrated as the Quarter Quell. It is an anniversary of every 25 years existence

of the Games in Panem. This means that the Games will be held in a greater version. In the previous Quarter Quell, the tributes will be drawn by the result of voting from each district but this year the rule has changed and it brings Katniss back to the arena.

Getting back to the arena, Katniss is determined to bring back Peeta as the victor of the Games no matter what it takes. In the arena, Katniss and her allies play together to have keep them alive. As they work together, they find a way to end the games. In the end, it is revealed that there has been a strategy to break out the arena. Katniss’ mentor Haymitch Abbernathy is behind this plan together with the tributes that become Katniss’ alliance in the arena. This plan succeed as Katniss brings the arena down by destroying the force field that makes the whole arena are blown.