2. Surface Strategy Taxonomy
Surface strategy taxonomy analyzes how elements in a sentence are changed. Researchers recognize that the elements of language are changed in specific and
systematic ways 1982: 150. The changing process of elements is determined by Dulay et al into four categories. They are omissions, additions, misformations, and
misorderings. Furthermore, it is systematic because the process of analysis organizes the errors based on their own categories and finds out the grammatical error process.
a. Omission
The first process of grammatical errors is by seeing omissions. In American English, there are some cases of sentences that can be omitted such as I knew that
she was wrong. In this case, that can be omitted to show the sentence in informal use. However, Dulay, Burt, and Krashen’s theory states that there is a process of omitting
linguistic elements which can create the errors 1982: 154. The errors occur because there is a missing of an item in the sentence that is not appropriate with the rule of
American English.
b. Addition
The second process of grammatical errors is additions. Addition is the presence of an item in a sentence. The grammatical error occurs because someone
adds an unnecessary item in their utterances that violates American English rule. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Dulay, Burt, and Krashen divide the addition into three types. They are double markings, regularizations, and simple additions 1982: 156. The types of addition are
explained as follows:
i. Double Marking
Double marking is believed to be able to create the errors. The error in the double marking is pointed by two items within a sentence that are marked for the
same features. The example of double markings are seen in a sentence of He doesn‟t
knows my name 1982: 156. In this case, the error of tense marker is shown by the placements of
doesn‟t and knows in the same feature. The auxiliary and the main verb are similar of using
–s to indicate the present tense. In American English, it is not necessary for the main verb of adding suffix
–s in the negative statement as like as the sentence above.
ii. Regularization
Regularization can produce the errors. The regularization in addition is marked by the error of distinguishing regular and irregular forms 1982: 157. The
example is the past form of eated. In American English, eated is categorized as the irregular form. However, the example shows that the sentence violates the principle
of the Standard English by changing the past form of eat as the regular verb. In this case, someone gave the wrong class of irregular form towards the past eated by
adding suffix –ed. The appropriate past verb of eat is ate instead of eated.
iii. Simple Addition
Simple addition can cause the error in a grammar. This process commonly occurs when there is an addition of unnecessary item which is not in the same feature.
The example of simple additions can be seen towards a sentence I am going to buy much flowers. In this case, there is an addition of article much that creates the error.
In American English, the quantifier much can not be followed before the countable nouns. Much tends to be used for the uncountable nouns. To show the countable
nouns, much can be omitted. Based on the fact, the sentence should be I am going to buy flowers 1982: 158.
c. Misformation
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