Grammatical errors in will I am`s songs.

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ABSTRACT

FENETTA, ALEXANDRA. Grammatical Errors in Will I Am’s Songs. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

People need grammar to understand a language and its meaning. Grammar contains the rules of combining word, phrase, clause, and sentence structures properly. The error of understanding the grammar in the language can influence their speech and written aspects. In some cases, the use of grammar follows a certain principle of language, for instance in the process of song writing.

Because Will I Am’s songs have two different characteristics of language, they trigger the researcher to see the numbers of grammatical errors in his songs. Will I Am

is one of famous singers and song writers in America. There are two objectives that are formulated in this research. The first objective is to find out the types of grammatical errors in Will I Am’s songs that are analyzed based on morphological and syntactical approaches. The second objective is to find out the possible factors that contribute to the errors in Will I Am’s songs. The possible factors are analyzed based on the sociolinguistic approach.

There are five songs to be analysed in this research. This research uses the purposive sampling method to collect the data because it aims to take samples that have two different themes in Will I Am’s songs. Based on the analysis, there are eighteen errors found in morphological category and fifty three errors found in syntactical category. The songs in which a great number of grammatical errors are found in “Feeling My Self”, “I like to Move it”, and “The Travelling Song”. They are included in the informal theme, which means they do not follow America Standard English. On the other hand, the songs that have a less number of grammar errors are “We are the Ones” and “Yes We can”. They are included in the formal theme.

Based on the analysis, the researcher found that Will I Am’s language that is used in his songs is influenced by external factors. In this case, the errors are caused by two factors which are society and profession. The condition of society forms the language characteristic in Will I Am’s songs, for instances are the informal theme songs tend to use African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and the formal theme songs tend to use America Standard English. Moreover, the condition of profession influences the language use of Will I Am in creating his songs, for instance the songs that use hiphop music have the characteristics of AAVE in their language.

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ABSTRAK

FENETTA, ALEXANDRA. Grammatical Errors in Will I Am’s Songs. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Tata bahasa dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat agar dapat memahami bahasa dan makna yang terkandung di dalamnya. Tata bahasa berisi aturan untuk menyatukan struktur kata, frase, klausa, dan kalimat dengan baik. Kesalahan dalam pemahaman tata bahasa dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan berbicara dan menulis seseorang. Di dalam kondisi tertentu, penggunaan tata bahasa seseorang mengikuti kaidah bahasa tertentu, seperti yang terdapat di dalam penulisan lagu.

Lagu Will I Am memiliki dua karakter bahasa yang berbeda,sehingga hal ini mendorong peneliti untuk melihat seberapa banyak jumlah kesalahan tata bahasa di dalam lagunya. Will I Am merupakan salah satu penyanyi dan pencipta lagu yang terkenal di Amerika. Di dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua tujuan yang dibahas. Tujuan pertama adalah menemukan jenis kesalahan tata bahasa yang terdapat di dalam lagu Will I Am yang dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan morfologi dan sintaksis. Tujuan kedua adalah menemukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan tata bahasa di dalam lagu Will I Am yang dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan sosiolinguistik.

Penelitian ini menggunakan lima lagu yang dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan sampel purposif. Hal ini bertujuan untuk melihat dua jenis lagu yang berbeda dalam lagu Will I Am. Dari hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa terdapat delapan belas kesalahan tata bahasa di kategori morfologi dan lima puluh tiga kesalahan tata bahasa di kategori sintaksis. Jumlah kesalahan tata bahasa yang banyak ditemukan terdapat di Feeling My Self”, “I like to Move it”, dan “The Travelling Song”. Ketiga lagu tersebut termasuk di dalam kategori tema lagu yang bersifat informal yang tidak mempertimbangkan Bahasa Inggris Amerika. Sedangkan, lagu-lagu yang memiliki sedikit kesalahan tata bahasa terdapat di “We are the Ones” dan “Yes We can”. Kedua lagu tersebut termasuk di dalam kategori tema lagu yang bersifat formal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa penggunaan bahasa di dalam kelima lagu tersebut dipengaruhi oleh faktor dari luar. Di dalam kasus tersebut, kesalahan-kesalahan yang terjadi di dalam lagu Will I Am dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial dan faktor pekerjaan. Kondisi di dalam masyarakat berpengaruh dalam pembentukan karakter bahasa yang digunakan Will I Am, seperti lagu bertema informal mendapat pengaruh dialek Afrika Amerika dan lagu bertema formal menggunakan Bahasa Inggris Amerika. Selain itu, kondisi pekerjaan mempengaruhi penggunaan bahasa yang diguakan Will I Am dalam menciptakan lagu, seperti lagu yang berjenis musik hiphop mengandung karakter dialek Afrika Amerika didalamya.

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GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM

‟S

SONGS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

ALEXANDRA FENETTA Student Number: 124214027

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

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GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM

‟S

SONGS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

ALEXANDRA FENETTA Student Number: 124214027

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

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iii

A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM

‟S

SONGS

ALEXANDRA FENETTA Student Number: 124214027

Approved by

Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. May 30th, 2016

Advisor

Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.Sc. June 24th, 2016

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM’S SONGS

ALEXANDRA FENETTA Student Number: 124214027 Defended before the Board of Examiners

on July 25th, 2016 and Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name Signature

Chairperson :Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A.

Secretary :Dra. A.B, Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D. Member 1 :Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum.

Member 2 :Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. Member 3 :Dr. Bernardine Ria Lestari, M.Sc.

Yogyakarta, July 26th, 2016 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University

Dean

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, July 25th, 2016

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswaUniversitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Alexandra Fenetta

NomorMahasiswa : 124214027

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakan Universitas Sanata Dharma, karya ilmiah yang berjudul

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM

‟S

SONGS

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencatumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 25 Juli 2016 Yang menyatakan,

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vii

Keep your face to

the sunshine

and you can never see

the shadow

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viii

For My Beloved

Parents and

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to say my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ. Because of His kindness, blessing, and mercy, I am given an opportunity to be able to finish my study of bachelor degree. He guides me whenever I get down. Without Him, I mean nothing.

Secondly, I would like to thank Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum as my thesis advisor. Because of her kindness and patience, I am able to finish my study well. Furthermore, I would like to thank my co-advisor Dr. Bernadine Ria Lestari, M.Sc. who gives me lots of advices and suggestions that make my thesis better.

Thirdly, I would like to say thanks to papa, mama, Lia, Asmara and his family. They always give me supports and encouragements to finish my study. They always cheer me up whenever I feel hopeless. Thanks for giving me your supports and prayers.

Fourthly, I would like to thank Widya, Yola, Irma, Priska, Carol, Gusti, Kristop, Christel, Della, Septi, Arum, Christine, Tiwi, Dikta, and Moren as my bestfriends. Thanks for giving me the enlightenment for finishing my study.

Lastly, I would like to thank my closest mates in college. They are Dian, Tjia, Ndoi, and Rany. Thanks for your care and supports.

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TITLE PAGE... ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE... ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN KARYA ILMIAH ... v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi

MOTTO PAGE... ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

LIST OF TABLES... ... xiii

ABSTRACT... ... xiv

ABSTRAK... ... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 3

C. Objectives of the Study ... 3

D. Definition of Terms ... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 6

A. Review of Related Studies ... 6

B. Review of Related Theories ... 10

1. Linguistic Category Taxonomy ... 10

a. Morphological Analysis ... 11

i. Indefinite Article Incorrect ... 11

ii. Possessive Case Incorrect ... 11

iii. Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect ... 12

iv. Simple Past Tense Incorrect ... 12

v. Past Participle Incorrect ... 13

vi. Comparative Adjective or Adverb Incorrect ... 13

b. Syntactical Analysis ... 13

i. Noun Phrase ... 13

ii. Verb Phrase ... 15

iii. Verb and Verb Construction ... 17

iv. Word Order ... 17

v. Transformation ... 17

2. Surface Strategy Taxonomy ... 21

a. Omission ... 21

b. Addition ... 21

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ii. Regularization ... 22

iii. Simple Addition ... 23

c. Misformation ... 23

i. Regularization ... 23

ii. The Use of Archiform ... 24

iii. The Alternating Form ... 24

d. Misordering ... 24

3. African American Vernacular English ... 25

C. Theoretical Framework ... 26

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 28

A. Object of the Study ... 28

B. Approach of the Study ... 29

C. Method of the Study ... 30

1. Data Collection ... 30

2. Data Analysis ... 31

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 33

A. The Distributions of Error Categories and Their Types in Will I Am’s Songs ... 33

1. Morphological Analysis ... 34

a. Indefinite Article Incorrect ... 34

b. Possessive Case Incorrect ... 35

c. Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect ... 36

2. Syntactical Analysis ... 37

a. Noun Phrase ... 38

i. Determiners ... 38

ii. Nominalization ... 40

iii. Number ... 42

iv. Use of Pronoun ... 44

v. Use of Preposition ... 45

b.Verb Phrase ... 47

i. Omission of Verb ... 47

ii. Use of Progressive Tense ... 50

iii. Agreement of Subject and Verb ... 52

c. Transformation ... 54

B. Factors that Contribute to the Errors ... 56

1. The Factor from Society ... 56

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xii

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 67

APPENDICES ... 70

Appendix 1: The List of Morphological Errors in Feeling My Self ... 70

Appendix 2: The List of Morphological Errors in I Like to Move It... 70

Appendix 3: The List of Syntactical Errors in Feeling My Self ... 71

Appendix 4: The List of Syntactical Errors in I Like to Move It... 73

Appendix 5: The List of Syntactical Errors in The Travelling Song ... 74

Appendix 6: The List of Syntactical Errors in We are the Ones ... 75

Appendix 7: The List of Syntactical Errors in Yes We Can... 75

Appendix 8: The Data Analysis of African American Vernacular English ... 76

Appendix 9: The Lyric of I Like to Move It ... 78

Appendix 10: The Lyric of Feeling My Self ... 82

Appendix 11: The Lyric of The Travelling Song ... 86

Appendix 12: The Lyric of We are the Ones ... 89

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xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 The Distribution of Errors in Morphology ... 20

Table 2 The Distribution of Errors in Syntax ... 20

Table 3 Grammatical Error in Indefinite Article Incorrect ... 34

Table 4 Grammatical Error in Possessive Case Incorrect ... 35

Table 5 Grammatical Error in Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect ... 36

Table 6 Grammatical Error in Determiner ... 38

Table 7 Grammatical Error in Nominalization ... 40

Table 8 Grammatical Error in Number ... 42

Table 9 Grammatical Error in Use of Pronoun ... 44

Table 10 Grammatical Error in Use of Preposition ... 46

Table 11 Grammatical Error in Omission of Verb... 47

Table 12 Grammatical Error in Use of Progressive Tense ... 50

Table 13 Grammatical Error in Agreement of Subject and Verb ... 52

Table 14 Grammatical Error in Transformation ... 54

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xiv

ABSTRACT

FENETTA, ALEXANDRA. Grammatical Errors in Will I Am‟s Songs. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

Because Will I Am’s songs have two different characteristics of language, they trigger the researcher to see the numbers of grammatical errors in his songs. Will I Am

There are five songs to be analysed in this research. This research uses the purposive sampling method to collect the data because it aims to take samples that have two different themes in Will I Am’s songs. Based on the analysis, there are eighteen errors found in morphological category and fifty three errors found in syntactical category. The songs in which a great number of grammatical errors are found in “Feeling My Self”, “I like to Move it”, and “The Travelling Song”. They are included in the informal theme, which means they do not follow America Standard English. On the other hand, the songs that have a less number of grammar errors are “We are the Ones” and “Yes We can”. They are included in the formal theme.

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ABSTRAK

FENETTA, ALEXANDRA. Grammatical Errors in Will I Am‟s Songs. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

can”. Kedua lagu tersebut termasuk di dalam kategori tema lagu yang bersifat formal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa penggunaan bahasa di dalam kelima lagu tersebut dipengaruhi oleh faktor dari luar. Di dalam kasus tersebut, kesalahan-kesalahan yang terjadi di dalam lagu Will I Am dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial dan faktor pekerjaan. Kondisi di dalam masyarakat berpengaruh dalam pembentukan karakter bahasa yang digunakan Will I Am, seperti lagu bertema informal mendapat pengaruh dialek Afrika Amerika dan lagu bertema formal menggunakan Bahasa Inggris Amerika. Selain itu, kondisi pekerjaan mempengaruhi penggunaan bahasa yang diguakan Will I Am dalam menciptakan lagu, seperti lagu yang berjenis musik hiphop mengandung karakter dialek Afrika Amerika didalamya.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language is a fundamental medium for people to communicate to each other. It is a system which helps people to deliver the information. Language has a prominent function to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It triggers people to carry out messages and understand them.

Furthermore, language enables people to denote a personal’s identity. People can communicate with others by using their own style of language. It will trigger people to create language varieties while conveying the message. The influence of language towards the personal’s identity is quite powerful. Language can assess either their culture or their background through people’s utterances. The example is by choosing certain words that become a characteristic of a group.

Grammar is one of language components. Radford defines that grammar functions as a tool to help people understand a language. Its goal is to make them know the language like the native speaker does (1997: 2). Grammar contains the rules of combining words, phrases, and sentence structures. People are encouraged to construct sentence structures properly while they are conveying a message. Moreover, grammar provides the knowledge for people in order to be able to understand the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences in a language.

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While conveying the message, people unconsciously make errors in their utterances. Error is the deviation process for learners to develop rules of language (Corder,1967: 52). It means that the mistakes people make ask them to understand more rules of certain languages. However, there are many factors causing the errors, for instance is the lack of knowledge. It will affect their competence in the process of communication.

This research aims to analyze errors of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences found in Will I Am’s songs. The research employs three distinctive studies as the principle of theoretical grounds. The studies include morphology, syntax and sociolinguistics. Morphology and syntax will give a profound understanding towards the categorization of grammar errors in Will I Am’s songs. The research overwhelms eleven types of grammar errors such as noun phrase errors, verb phrase errors and word order errors. Furthermore, the processes of grammar errors are categorized into four types of strategies namely omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.

Through a sociolinguistic study, the research aims to see how the language use in Will I Am’s songs contributes to the errors. Will I Am uses African American Vernacular English (AAVE) that influences a language in his songs. There are five characteristics of AAVE that distinguish them from Standard English, such as uses of the form be and double negations. The categorizations show the vernacular system affect a sentence structure formation. By conducting two different studies, the data can be seen through two different perspectives.

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B. Problem Formulation

There are two problems that will be discussed in the study. The problems are presented as follows:

1. What are the types of grammatical error in Will I Am’s songs?

2. What are possible factors that contribute to the errors in Will I Am’s songs?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives that will be analyzed in this research. The first goal is to observe profoundly grammatical errors in Will I Am’s songs. There are many grammatical errors that are found in phrases, clauses, and sentences. The errors are taken from pieces of song stanza in Will I Am’s songs. Moreover, the songs are not taken from specified albums in this research. The research aims to see the grammatical errors that are found in each album, soundtrack, and single. The

second goal is to see the possible causes of the grammar errors that appear in Will I

Am’s songs. The research employs the biography of William Adams or Will I Am’s

life and his profession. His biography has a crucial role in finding out certain characteristics of language that are used in his songs. In this case, the writer emphasizes how certain conditions influence his language use in the song writing.

D. Definition of Terms

This part will clarify the definition of certain terms that are used in the research. The terms overwhelm grammar, error, National Standards of English, and

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African American Vernacular English. The first terminology is grammar. According to Radford, grammar is a study that contains rules to form words into phrases and sentences. People are encouraged to construct sentence structures properly. Moreover, they are encouraged to understand the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences (1997: 2).

The second terminology is error. The error is defined as “the systematic

deviations due to the fact that learner is still developing of the language rule system” (Corder, 1967: 52). It means that there is a process of violating the rules of language in the communication process. People are encouraged to be accustomed to the system of language rules.

The third terminology is National Standards of English. The term is generally recognized as the acceptable English that is used as the communication process in English speaking countries (Quirk et al, 1974: 17). It means that by using certain Standard English, people whose various culture can understand others because they share similar set rules of English and similar meanings. In this research, it specifies American English as the basic rules to analyze the data. This research uses American English because the grammar rules that are applied in Will I Am’s songs tend to use principles of American English.

The last terminology is African American Vernacular English. African Americans have their typical principle of English. The dialect of American English that is used by the African Americans is called as the African American Vernacular English. Trudgill defines that the African American Vernacular English is a term that

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is generally used to refer to nonstandard English which is spoken by working class African American people and in the informal style (2000: 52). It is identified by the history in slave trade periods which influence the language.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

In this part, there are three studies from previous researchers that contribute to this research. The studies conduct two types of discussions which are grammatical errors and African American Vernacular English. The related studies find out criticisms as the basic fundamental of the analysis. The criticisms trigger the researcher to state opinions. They help this research to develop ideas of the topic.

The first research is entitled Indonesian EFL Advanced Learner‟s Grammatical Errors by Josefa J. Mardijono in 2003. The purpose of her research is to analyze the grammar errors from seventeen proposals for linguistic researches of Petra Christian University students. The object is taken from seventh semester students of Petra Christian University. In the analysis, Mardijono decides to classify the errors into two types which are linguistic category taxonomy and surface category taxonomy. She corrects the errors by following Standard English. Furthermore, she provides the frequency of occurrence of each type by giving percentages of each data. In the linguistic category taxonomy, she uses the theory of Politzer and Romirez as the guideline. She conducts two studies that are morphology and syntax. In the morphological aspect, she analyzes the errors of word formation, such as the writer language (Mardijono, 2003: 73). There is an omission of suffix –s influencing the possessive case. In Standard English, it should be the writer‟s language.

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On the other hand, she analyzes the errors of phrase, clause and sentence constructions in the syntactical aspect. The example of the error is after getting the script from the internet, the writer will check it while he watching the film (2003: 77). According to the case, there is a mistake on finite clause. It is an omission on to be after personal pronoun he. She puts the correctness of the error which is after getting the script from the internet, the writer will check it while he is watching the film. Furthermore, to describe the errors, Mardijono uses the theory of surface strategy taxonomy from Dulay, Burt, and Karshen’s theory. Based on the theory, she sees the process of sentence structures can change. The example of the analysis is in personal way (2003: 77). In this case, there is an omission of determiner to denote a singular object. Omission is one of processes in surface strategy taxonomy that produces the error of noun phrase.

The contribution of her study into this research lies on the use of theories. The theories that are used are linguistic category taxonomy and surface category taxonomy. This research takes Politzer and Ramirez’s theory by finding the errors from morphological and syntactical analyzes. Moreover, the process of changing sentence structures is seen by the theory of surface category taxonomy by Dulay,

Burt, and Krashen’s theory (2003: 81). As a result, the writer aims to conduct the

similar research with the same theoretical grounds on a different object. Mardijono’s research uses the proposals from Petra Christian University students in the seventh semester, yet this research uses the songs from Will I Am as the research object.

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The difference between Mardijono’s research and this research lies on the discussion of the study. This research explains how the grammar errors occur by seeing the background of Will I Am, yet Mardijono does not explain what aspects contribute to the errors. She does not provide the student’s backgrounds in analyzing

the data. The student’s background is very essential in forming the grammatical

errors. By understanding their backgrounds, Mardijono can understand the weakness

towards students’ grammatical performance in their proposals. Therefore, this study

is more extensive in terms of analyzing the background that contributes to the grammatical errors.

The second research is entitled A Phonological Analysis of Black English in

50 Cent‟s Song Lyrics in the Album „Curtis‟ by Estu Kuncoro Ismartono in 2009. The purpose of her research is to find out phonological processes and phonological

characteristics in 50 Cent’s Song. Ismartono lists characteristics of Black English

words in eighteen songs of 50 Cent. She provides the general rule of Black English linguistic features. The data analysis also compares with the linguistic system of Standard English (Ismartono, 2009: 34).

Furthermore, Ismartono provides the history of African American Vernacular to emphasize the language system (2009: 8). However, there is a prominent

difference found between Ismartono’s research and this research. The prominent

difference focuses on the data analysis. Ismartono tends to focus on a phonological aspect, while this thesis tends to focus on morphological and syntactical aspects.

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This research aims to create a new study towards African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Ismartono inspires this research to analyze the language system of Black English through songs. She explains the language system of AAVE by seeing the linguistic features of phonetics and phonology. She provides the background of 50 Cent to find out what factors contribute to the language system. However, this research analyzes AAVE language system by seeing the linguistic features of morphology and syntax. In addition, this research provides Will I Am’s background to find out the factors that contribute to his language use in his songs.

The last research is entitled African American Vernacular English as Seen in

A Novel “The Help” by Kathyrn Stockett (2009) by Tifanny Hanna Pratiwi in 2015. She aims to analyze linguistic features of African American Vernacular English and the speech acts of two distinctive cultures among characters in the novel. She discusses three linguistic features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) that are syntactical features, phonological features, and lexical features. Pratiwi contributes a theory of AAVE which presents classifications of African American Vernacular English linguistic features, for instance analyzing verbal tense marking, noun and pronoun in the syntactical features. Furthermore, she analyzes the speech theory to discuss the ways of conversation toward two distinctive cultures among the speakers (Pratiwi, 2015: 14).

This research has a different perspective from Pratiwi’s research in terms of the discussion. Pratiwi does not clarify the author’s background on her research. The

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author’s background is necessary to be provided to explain more details about the

author’s contribution towards her work. The readers are able to understand the

author’s language style through the background. Thus, it does not give a strong proof

in explaining African American Vernacular English in Pratiwi’s research. However, this research encloses Will I Am’s background as the song writer of his works.

This research aims to commit the research on the different object. Pratiwi’s research uses a novel by Kathryn Stockett (2009). She finds out the characteristics of African American Vernacular English from the conversations that are uttered by the African Americans. However, this research uses a song from Will I Am. The writer finds out the characteristics of African American Vernacular English from a part of lyrics.

B. Review of Related Theories

There are three theories used to conduct the research. They are used as a scientific base to answer the problems. The theories are clarified as follows:

1. Linguistic Category Taxonomy

Linguistic category taxonomy is an analysis that categorizes errors based on linguistic classifications (Dulay, Burt, and Krashen, 1982:281). The errors are classified both in the forms of language components and language categories. Language components are aspects that are analyzed in each linguistic feature, for instance is grammars in morphology and syntax. However, the linguistic categories

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are elements in a language component (Dulay, Burt, and Krashen, 1982:281). Indefinite articles, noun phrase, and verb phrase are some parts of linguistic categories in the grammars.

Linguistic category taxonomy contributes to the distributions of errors. This research takes the theory of Politzer and Ramirez (1973) reviewed by Dulay, Burt, and Krashen. Politzer and Ramirez’s theory analyzes the grammatical errors on two linguistic features which are morphology and syntax.

a. Morphological Analysis

In the morphology, the errors are classified into six categories. It focuses on the analysis of word structure. The classifications are presented as follows:

i. Indefinite Article Incorrect

The first category is indefinite article incorrect. The error focuses on the mistake of article use between article a and article an. The example is an ball. In this case, the error occurs when the article an is used before consonants (1982: 148).

ii. Possessive Case Incorrect

The second category is possessive case incorrect. The example of this category is this book is your. In this case, there is an omission of suffix -s after the word your. Yours means that the pronoun you has a possessive right towards the book (1982: 148).

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iii. Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect

The third category is third person singular verb incorrect. The example is the sun rise on the east. There is an omission of suffix -s that influences the word formation of main verbs. Based on the example, the sun is categorized as third person singular. Thus, the main verb should be added suffix –s which is rises (1982: 148).

iv. Simple Past Tense Incorrect

The fourth category is simple past tense incorrect. This category has two types of errors. They are regular past tense and irregular past tense. They are explained as follows:

a. Regular Past Tense

In this type of errors, it focuses on the analysis of word formation for regular verbs. The example is I save my sister from the accident yesterday. The error occurs due to the omission of –ed. The omission of –ed influences the word formation in the past tense structure. Thus, it should be saved (1982: 148).

b. Irregular Past Tense

In this type of errors, it focuses on the analysis of word formation for irregular verbs. The example is I maked a cake. In this case, maked is incorrect because the past form of make is made. It is categorized as irregular form. Thus, it should not be added by suffix –ed. (1982: 148).

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v. Past Participle Incorrect

The fifth category is past participle incorrect. There is an incorrect of forming perfect and passive tenses. The example of this category is I was call. Based on the example, there is an omission of suffix –ed. The existence of suffix –ed is essential of word formation in the passive tense (1982: 148).

vi. Comparative Adjective or Adverb Incorrect

The last category is comparative adjective or adverb incorrect. The error occurs because an error of forming the comparative sentence structure based on Standard English. The example of the category is his score is more smaller than me. In this case, there are double marks of comparatives which are more and –er. Because small is only one syllable, it tends to maintain suffix –er instead of adding more (1982: 148).

b. Syntactical Analysis

Syntactical analysis is an analysis of discussing sentence, clause, and phrase constructions. Based on the data, the errors in syntax are classified into five categories. The data are presented as follows:

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i. Noun Phrase

The first category is noun phrase. Based on Politzer and Ramirez, the errors are divided into five types (1982:148). They overwhelm determiners, nominalization, number, use of pronouns, and use of prepositions. The data are explained as follows:

a. Determiners

The errors are seen by the mistake of forming an element in determiners. The example is I put a book in the my room. In American English, it is incorrect because there are double marks of determiners. Possessive determiner which is my is not followed by article determiner which is the (1982: 148).

b. Nominalization

Nominalization is the second type of error in noun phrase. It is a process how adjective or verb is converted into noun. The error occurs because of a mistake of constructing the nominalization form. The example is cook is serving the delicious meal. Based on the example, there is an omission of determiner before the subject cook. The determiner has a function to denote that cook has changed its part of speech from verb to noun (1982:148).

c. Number

In number, there is a common error of using singular and plural nouns. The example is I got some bicycle from my father. The sentence is error because

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the noun of bicycle is written as a singular noun. However, the determiner shows that the following noun is classified as a plural noun. Thus, the noun phrase should be some bicycles (1982:148).

d. Use of Pronouns

Use of pronouns is the fourth type in noun phrase. It focuses on the error that lies on the subject and object personal pronouns. The example is I found. In this case, there is an omission of object pronoun. The main verb found needs the direct object to denote what the object that becomes the theme (1982: 149).

e. Use of Prepositions

Use of prepositions is the last type in noun phrase. The error comes when there is a problem in prepositions. The example is I went the zoo. In this case, there is an omission of preposition to. Preposition to is used to the motion verbs, for instances are go, walk, and come (1982: 149).

ii. Verb Phrase

The second category is verb phrase. There are three types of errors in the verb

phrase that are classified by Politzer and Ramirez’s theory (1982: 149). The errors are

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a. Omission of Verb

Omission of verb can create the error. The example is I at home yesterday. In this case, there is an omission of auxiliary verb to be. It should be added was after subject I in the context of past tense. To be has a function as a connector between subject and predicate complement. Moreover, the use of to be should follow the tense form and the subjects (1982: 149).

b. Progressive Tense

The error occurs because of an incorrect construction of the progressive sentence structure. The example is I cooking rice now. Based on the example, there is an omission of to be which is am. In American English, to be is needed in the construction of progressive tense (1982: 149).

c. Agreement of Subject and Verb

The error emerges when there is an incorrect formation of a basic structure which is subject and verb. The example is you be my sister. In American English, there is a disagreement of subject and verb formation. The agreement is the auxiliary verb follows the personal pronoun and the tense form. In this context, the tense is in the present form and the subject is the second person you. Thus, the auxiliary be should be changed into are (1982: 149).

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iii. Verb and Verb Construction

The third category is verb and verb construction. The discussion focuses on the way how two verbs are combined into one sentence. The example is Rina hopes go to USA. In this case, there is an omission of preposition to before the main verb hopes and the second verb go. Contextually, the meaning of preposition to is to express her willingness to be able to go to USA (1982: 149).

iv. Word Order

The fourth category is word order. The error occurs when the sentence is not constructed properly by considering principles in American English. The example is who they are? Based on the example, there error lies on the position of auxiliary. In the form of interrogative sentence, the auxiliary should be placed before the subject (1982: 149).

v. Transformation

The last category is transformations. Transformation is a changing of certain element in a grammar. Politzer and Ramirez classify four sorts of errors in transformation (1982: 150). They are negative transformation, question transformation, there transformation, and subordinate clause transformation. The errors are presented as follows:

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a. Negative Transformation

Negative transformation is an altering process of an affirmative sentence into a negative sentence. The example is I don‟t have nothing. In this case, the error is caused by a use of double negations. The sentence tends to show the positive meaning instead of the negative meaning. The meaning implies that the agent has something. In American English, the grammar structure is incorrect. The negative sentence usually does not enclose the negative object because the negative statement has been denoted by do not. If the sentence aims to show the negative meaning, the structure should omit nothing (1982: 150).

b. Question Transformation

Question transformation is an altering process of a sentence into an interrogative sentence. The example is how you go yesterday? In this case, the error is caused by a misconstruction of the structure. There is an omission of the auxiliary. In American English, the structure of interrogative form must have the auxiliary do. The auxiliary follows the sentence tense. Based on the example, the sentence has marked the past time which is yesterday. Thus, the auxiliary follows the form of the sentence tense which is did (1982:150).

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c. There Transformation

The form of there is intended as demonstrative pronoun. However, it can be placed as subject pronoun or object pronoun. The example is there is birds. In this case, there is placed as subject pronoun. It functions as a reference of the existence of something. It means that birds are somewhere. There is an incorrect form of structure. The auxiliary follows the type of noun. Birds are categorized as plural nouns. Thus, the auxiliary is should be replaced into are (1982: 150).

d. Subordinate Clause Transformation

Subordinate clause transformation is two combined clauses marked by a subordinating conjunction. It functions to connect two ideas of a sentence. The example is I will leave you, so you are poor. There is an error of naming a conjunction. It can produce an ambiguity on the meaning of a sentence. The conjunction so in the example should be replaced into for. The subordinate clause refers to the cause of the condition of the main clause (1982: 150).

The categorizations are made as a guidance to represent the errors. The categorization of errors based on Politzer and Ramirez are shown on tables. The data are presented as follows (Dulay et al, 1982: 150):

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Table 1. The Distribution of Errors in Morphology

Linguistic Categories Error Types

Indefinite article incorrect -

Possesive case incorrect -

Third person singular verb incorrect -

Simple past tense incorrect Regular past tense incorrect Irregular past tense incorrect

Past Participle incorrect

Comparative adjective/adverb incorrect

-Table 2. The Distribution of Errors in Syntax

Linguistic Categories Error Types

Noun Phrase

Determiners Nominalization Number

Use of pronouns Use of prepositions

Verb Phrase

Omission of verb

Use of progressive tense Agreement of subject and verb

Verb and verb construction -

Word Order -

Transformation

Negative transformation Question transformation There transformation

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2. Surface Strategy Taxonomy

Surface strategy taxonomy analyzes how elements in a sentence are changed. Researchers recognize that the elements of language are changed in specific and systematic ways (1982: 150). The changing process of elements is determined by Dulay et al into four categories. They are omissions, additions, misformations, and misorderings. Furthermore, it is systematic because the process of analysis organizes the errors based on their own categories and finds out the grammatical error process.

a. Omission

The first process of grammatical errors is by seeing omissions. In American English, there are some cases of sentences that can be omitted such as I knew (that) she was wrong. In this case, that can be omitted to show the sentence in informal use.

However, Dulay, Burt, and Krashen’s theory states that there is a process of omitting

linguistic elements which can create the errors (1982: 154). The errors occur because there is a missing of an item in the sentence that is not appropriate with the rule of American English.

b. Addition

The second process of grammatical errors is additions. Addition is the presence of an item in a sentence. The grammatical error occurs because someone adds an unnecessary item in their utterances that violates American English rule.

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Dulay, Burt, and Krashen divide the addition into three types. They are double markings, regularizations, and simple additions (1982: 156). The types of addition are explained as follows:

i. Double Marking

Double marking is believed to be able to create the errors. The error in the double marking is pointed by two items within a sentence that are marked for the same features. The example of double markings are seen in a sentence of He doesn‟t knows my name (1982: 156). In this case, the error of tense marker is shown by the placements of doesn‟t and knows in the same feature. The auxiliary and the main verb are similar of using –s to indicate the present tense. In American English, it is not necessary for the main verb of adding suffix –s in the negative statement as like as the sentence above.

ii. Regularization

Regularization can produce the errors. The regularization in addition is marked by the error of distinguishing regular and irregular forms (1982: 157). The example is the past form of eated. In American English, eated is categorized as the irregular form. However, the example shows that the sentence violates the principle of the Standard English by changing the past form of eat as the regular verb. In this case, someone gave the wrong class of irregular form towards the past eated by adding suffix –ed. The appropriate past verb of eat is ate instead of eated.

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iii. Simple Addition

Simple addition can cause the error in a grammar. This process commonly occurs when there is an addition of unnecessary item which is not in the same feature. The example of simple additions can be seen towards a sentence I am going to buy much flowers. In this case, there is an addition of article much that creates the error. In American English, the quantifier much can not be followed before the countable nouns. Much tends to be used for the uncountable nouns. To show the countable nouns, much can be omitted. Based on the fact, the sentence should be I am going to buy flowers (1982: 158).

c. Misformation

The third process of grammatical errors is misformation. The errors are assessed by the use of the wrong form of words in a sentence (1982: 158). Misformation divides their types into three categories. They are explained as follows: i. Regularization

Regularization in misformation has a prominent difference towards the analysis of the regularization in the addition. This process does not only focus on the misconstruction of words, but also influences the meaning. The example of the error is seen on the irregular predicate of Your book is lied there. There is a misconstruction of lie in the past participle tense. Lie is described as the book which is reclined on somewhere. The verb changes into lain instead of lied (1982: 159).

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ii. The Use of Archiform

The use of archiform is the second process of grammatical errors in this category. The use of archiforms is the use of one form for several elements in a paragraph. The use of an item that represents other items can create the errors. The example of archiforms is seen in the sentence of Him is fine. I like him. In this case, the use of object personal pronoun is also used for subject personal pronoun that is marked by the word him (1982: 160).

iii. The Alternating Form

The alternating forms are the third process of grammatical errors in misformations. The errors occur because people misuse in alternating certain elements. The example of error is many sugar. In this case, sugar can not be mixed with many. Many refers to countable nouns, while sugar is uncountable nouns (1982: 161).

d. Misordering

The last process of grammatical errors is misordering. Misordering is the error because someone does not order the construction of word or sentence by following the principle of American English. The example of misordering is I do not know where are they. In this case, where are they is not in the form of question, yet it is stated in the form of inversion. Thus, are should be placed after they (1982: 162).

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3. African American Vernacular English

Baugh and Cable state “vernacular refers to nonstandard features of English”

(2002: 361). It means that a certain group has their typical linguistic features that are not complying to the Standard features of English. Vernacular is the language that is used for people in the similar ethnic group. In English, vernacular distinguishes the language style of white people and black people. AAVE is one of Vernacular English that indicates the language for African Americans in America.

Trudgill provides five characteristics of AAVE which are seen through grammatical features. The characteristics have a function to see grammatical system of African American Vernacular English. The first characteristic is AAVE system does not use –s in the third person singular in the present tense form (2000: 54). It can be seen through the example as he eat breakfast. However, American English system uses –s to refer third person singular in the present tense form.

The second characteristic is the absence of copula in a sentence (Trudgill, 2000: 55). The absence of copula means the absence of verb to be. Trudgill argues

“the copula absence is commonly a linguistic feature which is spoken by African American people” (2000: 55). The example of this characteristic is seen through the sentence she really nice. On the other hand, American English system does not omit the copula in the sentence.

The third characteristic is AAVE system uses the invariant form be as a finite verb (2000: 55). Invariant be aims to indicate the habitual activities. It can be seen

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through a sentence she usually be having breakfast. In this case, the sentence refers the repeated activities which are marked by invariant be. In contrast to AAVE, American English uses variant be to refer subject personal pronoun.

The fourth characteristic is AAVE system omits verb auxiliaries for perfect tense (2000: 56). The example of this characteristic is seen through a sentence I been talked with him. In this case, the auxiliary is omitted that makes the reader confused about the time marker of the pattern. In AAVE, been becomes the marker of past tense pattern. However, American English system omits verb auxiliary been to form the past tense.

The last characteristic is AAVE system uses multiple negations. It can be seen through a sentence of Can‟t somebody do nothing about it (2000: 57). In American English, the sentence implies the positive meaning which is somebody can do everything about it. On the other hand, AAVE maintains the use of double negation into the negative one. It is added by the statement from Fromkin and Rodman who state that the use of double negation in AAVE in a negative sentence which has a negative word implies a negative meaning (1983: 256). Thus, it should be described as can‟t somebody do anything about it.

C. Theoretical Framework

There are three theories that contribute to the research. The first theory is linguistic category taxonomy. The second theory is surface strategy taxonomy. The

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last theory is African American Vernacular English. The first and the second theories focus on the grammar analysis. On the other hand, the third theory tends to see the language construction of African American English.

Linguistic category taxonomy and surface category taxonomy function to provide the types of errors based on their own taxonomies. Linguistic category taxonomy aims to see the errors by analyzing language components and their constituents. However, surface category taxonomy sees the changing process of a sentence that causes the errors. The errors will be classified based on the available process of grammar errors. Both theories will be helpful to reveal the errors based on their own groups.

African American Vernacular English is helpful to reveal the language style that is used in Will I Am’s songs. His language style will be influenced by his social life. Thus, the theory of AAVE becomes the guideline to find out the factors of contributing the errors. In this analysis, the theory will provide the characterizations of language toward AAVE. The language rule of AAVE will be compared by American English rule.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This part is arranged into three parts. They are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The object of the study elaborates linguistic features that will be analyzed based on the data. The approach of the study explains what kinds of approaches that are used to analyze the linguistic features. The method of the study defines the ways of collecting and analyzing the data.

A. Object of the Study

The object in the research focuses on song lyrics by Will I Am. He has produced a lot of songs, such as “Feeling My Self”, “I Like to Move It”, and “The Travelling Song”. His songs are famous in America. There are several aspects that influence the formation of lyrics. The constructions of word, phrase, clause, and sentence violate the American English rule.

In order to analyze the grammatical errors in Will I Am’s songs, there are four language elements that are analyzed. The errors overwhelm the analysis of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. In the analysis of words, the writer observes the errors of lexical formations in phrases and sentences. The example is the man feet. According to the case, there is a grammatical error of word formation on a phrase the man. It should be added suffix „s on the word man to mark the possessive case.

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In addition, the errors of phrases, clauses, and sentences can be caused by two factors. The first factor is by evaluating the misconstruction of certain parts within their grammatical construction. It can be seen through a verb phrase he in the water. In this case, there is an omission of verb part towards the phrase. The second factor is by observing the mistakes in arranging the sentence construction. The example can be seen through the sentence I know what is it. In this case, the construction is incorrect because it aims to refer the statement form. Thus, it should be I know what it is.

B. Approach of the Study

This research applies morphological and syntactical approaches as the groundwork of analysis for the classification of errors. The morphology deals with the analysis of lexical formations. However, the syntax study deals with the analysis of phrase, clause, and sentence constructions. The main purpose of both studies is to find out the errors and their process on Will I Am’s songs. The morphological and syntactical studies provide the types of error categories.

In addition, a sociolinguistic approach aims to find out the causes of grammatical errors. The causes are seen through the background of Will I Am. This approach is supplied in the analysis to prove how the language construction of Will I Am works. This approach provides several categories to identify the identical language style of Will I Am. Thus, the analysis can be related to the existence of grammatical errors in his songs.

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C. Method of the Study

This part aims to explain study methods. There are two means in conducting the study. The first means is to collect the data. The second means is to analyze the data. The means are organized as follows:

1. Data collection

This research conducts a sample study. It covers five songs to be analyzed. The sample study that is used is the purposive sample. Teddlie and Yu restate the argument of Tashakkori and Teddlie about purposive sampling which is “a technique which involves selecting certain units or cases based on a specific purpose rather than

randomly” (2003: 80). It means that the research takes samples with a certain

purpose. Its purpose is to analyze the grammar errors on two different themes in Will I Am’s songs. Moreover, the research aims to find out the factors that contribute to the errors through his style of language from each album, soundtrack, and single.

There are three steps of collecting the data. Firstly, the writer opened the site of www.azlyrics.com to look for the song lyrics that would be analyzed. The writer identified the song lyrics one by one. The lyrics that were selected were categorized into two types. Its function is to compare both types of lyrics. It helps to find out the factors that contribute to the errors. The writer got three lyrics that have a high degree of grammatical errors and two lyrics that have a low degree of grammatical errors. Then, the writer matched the lyrics with their songs to reassure the fact of lyrics.

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Secondly, the writer marked each sentence, clause, and phrase that contained the grammar errors. The writer made tables to organize the data. The tables are aimed to help the writer to classify the errors. The tables are divided into two linguistic features that are morphology and syntax. The tables are classified into the language categories and their own types of errors.

Lastly, the writer attempted to find out the factors that contributed to grammatical errors. The data were organized through a table of the English construction of African American Vernacular English. The tables were aimed to find out parts of sentences that are influenced by the vernacular. The organized data would be connected to the background of Will I Am. The table aims to show that Will I Am uses African American Vernacular English on some of his lyrics.

2. Data analysis

This research conducts an error analysis in Will I Am’s songs. It aims to see how many grammatical errors, which are not appropriate with grammar rules of American English, occur on the data. The grammar errors are grouped into their own elements, for instance is on the phrase of big room. According to Politzer and

Ramirez’s theory, it is categorized as the error of noun phrase. Then, the errors will

be compared with grammar rules of American English which are helped by Quirk’s grammar book.

In addition, the errors do not only focus on their classifications, but also the grammatical process. The grammatical process emphasizes how a structure changes

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due to the error. It is seen by the example in the phrase of big room. According to

Dulay, Burt, and Krashen’s theory, the error is caused by the omission towards the

phrase. The omission can lie on the article to denote a singular noun or suffix –s to denote plural nouns.

AAVE aims to reveal the connection between the grammatical errors and the causes of their errors. To connect the causes of the errors is done by finding the errors in phrases, clauses, and sentences which characterize AAVE. The example of AAVE characteristic is seen by the sentence she give me money. AAVE system does not use

–s verb in the third person singular. AAVE is put in this research as proofs to find out the possible causes of grammatical errors in Will I Am’s songs.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter will be divided into two main parts of discussions. The first part analyzes the categories of grammatical error in Will I Am’s songs. It answers the first problem. The second part discusses the factors that contribute to the errors. It answers the second problem of the study.

A. The Distribution of Error Categories and Their Types in Will I Am‟s Songs The researcher has collected and categorized data of five songs. The analysis uses two types of theories to present the distribution of error categories. The first theory that is used is linguistic category taxonomy. It aims to find out the grammatical errors and their types of errors. The second theory that is employed for the study is surface category taxonomy. It aims to find out the processes of the grammatical errors occur.

The discussion focuses on morphological and syntactical analysis. Based on the data, the total numbers of grammatical errors that are found are eighteen errors in morphology and fifty three errors in syntax. The results of the analysis are presented as follows:

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1. Morphological Analysis

The first analysis is morphology. This analysis focuses on the discussion of the word construction in Will I Am‟s lyrics. According to the whole data, there are three language categories that are found in morphological analysis. The categories include indefinite article incorrect, possessive case incorrect, and third person singular verb incorrect. The results of analysis are presented as follows:

a. Indefinite Article Incorrect

The first language category covers indefinite article incorrect. There are two songs that are included in this category. The data are described on the table as follows:

Table 3. Grammatical Error in Indefinite Article Incorrect Songs Grammatical

Errors

Grammatical

Processes American English Feeling My

Self

a expert Alternating Form

an expert

I like to Move It

a earthquake Alternating Form

an earthquake

Indefinite article incorrect is the error that lies on the use of article a and an. In this context, indefinite article incorrect is included in the morphological analysis. It focuses on the analysis of a word which is a or an that influences the choice of the article to the following noun. In American English, the indefinite article follows the form of nouns. However, both examples show that the article a is placed after vowels.

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Based on surface strategy taxonomy, they are influenced by the process of alternating forms. It means there is a misuse of placing article a and an. In American English, vowels are followed by the article an, while consonants are followed by the article a. However, the example is against the American English rule because the article a is not followed by the consonants. Thus, the phrases should be an expert instead of a expert and an earthquake instead of a earthquake.

b.Possessive Case Incorrect

The second language category is possessive case incorrect. It is the error that influences the word formation that marks the possessive case. There is a song included in this category. The error is described on the table as follows:

Table 4. Grammatical Error in Possessive Case Incorrect Songs Grammatical

Errors

Grammatical

Processes American English Feeling My

Self

Will power Omission Will‟s power

The error that is seen based on surface strategy taxonomy occurs because of the omission of an element. In this case, the error gets omission of the apostrophe „s. To show the proper structure of possessive pronouns, the apostrophe 's is placed after the agent Will. In American English, the apostrophe „s is used to refer to possessive pronouns. As a result, the example should be Will‟s power instead of Will power.

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The example shows that possessive case incorrect is included in the morphological analysis. It focuses on the analysis of the word Will. The omission of inflection „s on the word Will influences the formation of possessive case. The apostrophe „s aims to show that Will is the ownership of the power.

c. Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect

The third language category is third person singular verb incorrect. There are two songs included in this category. The data are presented through the table as follows:

Table 5. Grammatical Error in Third Person Singular Verb Incorrect Songs Grammatical

Errors

Grammatical

Processes American English Feeling My

Self

She give me IQ that mean she get a head

Omission She gives me IQ that means she gets a head

I Like to Move It

Somebody say ho

Omission Somebody says ho

Third person singular verb incorrect is the error that influences the word formation of main verbs for third person singular. The examples of the third person singular include he, she, it, everyone, something, and someone. The verb of this category refers to an action that shows habitual or fact experience. Thus, the main verbs, followed by the third person singular, need to be added by suffix –s.

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The data shows that the errors get the omission of suffix –s on verbs give, get, and say. The missing suffix –s influences the formation of verb in the present tense. Based on the data, she and somebody are included as third person singular subject. She is categorized as the definite pronoun because it points to the specific one. However, somebody is categorized as the indefinite pronoun. It represents the subject he or she that does not mention to a specific person. Thus, the verbs give, get, and say should be changed into gives, gets, and says

Moreover, the verb mean should be changed into means. It occurs because she give me IQ as the main clause represents the form of third person singular subject which is it. Based on the analysis, the examples above show that third person singular verb incorrect is included in the morphological analysis. It focuses on the analysis of the words give, mean, get, and say. The omission of suffix –s on the words influences the form of verb in the present tense.

2. Syntactical Analysis

The second analysis is syntax. This analysis focuses on the discussion of phrase, clause, and sentence that occurs in Will I Am’s songs. Based on the data, they show that the grammatical errors are found in three language categories. They are noun phrase, verb phrase, and transformation. The results of syntactical analysis are presented as follows:

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a. Noun Phrase

The first language category that is analyzed is noun phrase. Based on the data, the errors in noun phrase are found into five types of errors. They are determiner, nominalization, number, use of pronoun, and use of preposition. The errors that emerge in each type will influence the form of noun phrase. The errors are described as follows:

i.Determiner

Quirk et al state that determiners are a way to determine a noun whether it has definite or indefinite status (1974:137). It means that determiner can explain that the noun can be addressed into a common or specific thing. The examples of determiner are a which is to indicate a common thing and this which is to indicate a specific thing. Based on the data, the errors found in four songs are described on the table as follows:

Table 6. Grammatical Error in Determiner Songs Grammatical

Errors

Grammatical

Processes American English Feeling My

Self

Bottles on deck Omission Bottles on a deck

I Like to Move It

Speaker Omission a speaker

The Travelling Song

lion out of the jungle

Omission a lion out of the jungle Yes We Can equality Omission the equality

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Determiners are classified into a lot of categories, such as article determiners, possessive determiners, demonstrative determiners, and quantifiers. Based on surface strategy taxonomy, the errors are caused by omission. The data shows that there is an omission of article determiners. In American English, articles are usually used by preceding the noun. Articles are one of elements to form noun phrase. Articles function to denote a member of the noun.

The nouns that get the omission of articles are deck, speaker, lion and equality. Deck, speaker, and lion are categorized as the concrete nouns, while equality is categorized as an abstract noun. All of the objects are included as countable nouns. Moreover, the analysis sees the process by considering the context of the songs.

According to the context on each song, deck, speaker, and lion do not refer to the specific object. Thus, the objects should be followed by the article a or the article an. The use of articles follows initial sound of the noun. Deck, speaker, and lion start with an alphabet which has a consonant sound. Thus, they should be preceded by the article a instead of the article an.

However, equality is followed by the definite article the. It happens because equality refers to the specific condition mentioned on the next lyric. The existence of definite article the aims to emphasize that American people are treated equal on many aspects. It is shown from the lyric emphasizing the equalitycondition which is The hopes of the little girl who goes to a crumbling school in Dillon are same as the dreams of the boy who learns on the streets of LA.

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The examples have shown that the errors in determiner are included in the syntactical analysis. It focuses on the analysis of the formation of noun phrase. It is shown by the omission of articles of the noun phrase. In American English, singular countable nouns are usually preceded by the indefinite articles. In this case, the omission of articles influences the construction of noun phrase.

The previous analysis also shows the discussion of article use towards the noun phrase. It analyzes the misuse of the article a and the article an to the following nouns. However, this analysis discusses the omission of article determiners that create the errors in the noun phrase. In American English, the article determiners are usually used before the common nouns to refer to the form of the noun.

ii. Nominalization

Nominalization is the process of changing another part of speech into the noun. It is a part of conversion. Quirk et al state that conversion is a process that an item is converted to a new word class without providing the addition of suffix (1974: 1009). It can be concluded that the process of nominalization is done without changing the form of item. In this case, the error is found in one song. The error is described on the table as follows:

Table 7. Grammatical Error in Nominalization Songs Grammatical

Errors

Grammatical

Processes American English We are The

Ones

I think it’s time for

change

Omission I think it’s time for the change

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According to surface strategy taxonomy, the error in noun phrase is influenced by the process of nominalization. The example shows that the error occurs because of the omission of determiner. In the nominalization process, a converted item is preceded by the determiner. In this case, the noun change needs the article the to show the specific object. The addition of the article the emphasizes the meaning of change. It aims to tell the condition of a new world such as the world peace and the prosperity.

The example above shows that the error is included in the syntactical analysis. It influences the construction of noun phrase in the nominalization process. There is an omission of definite article. The article the is essential to be placed before change. It aims to refer to the implied meanings that have been expressed through some lyrics, which are I would like our environment to be safe and I want a better future for my children.

The previous analysis also shows the discussion of the omission of the determiner in the noun phrase. It emphasizes that the determiners are used in the noun phrase to explain the form of the noun. However, this analysis discusses the omission of determiner that creates the error in the nominalization process. The existence of determiners is essential in the nominalization case. In this case, it aims to show that a part of speech in a word has been converted into a part of speech of noun from a part of speech of verb.

(59)

iii. Number

Number is the process of denoting the number of count and mass nouns. The form of number includes singular or plural noun. In American English, the number in noun phrase follows the form of noun itself. Based on the data, there are two songs that are included in this category. The errors are explained through the table as follows:

Table 8. Grammatical Error in Number Songs Grammatical

Errors

Grammatical

Processes American English The Travelling

Song

Peoples Regularization People

Feeling My Self

don’t give a

bread

Simple Addition I don’t give bread

Based on the analysis of surface strategy taxonomy, all of the errors on the data are caused by additions. There are two types of additions that produce the errors. The first example is peoples. In American English, people is categorized as a plural form of irregular noun. It is incorrect because of an unnecessary addition of suffix –s. The error on peoples is influenced by regularization. There is a misuse of forming irregular into regular form. The form of people is notchanged to be a regular noun by being added suffix –s.

(1)

Appendix 11. The Lyric of The Travelling Song

I’ve been around the world, in the pouring rain Feeling out of place, really feeling strange Take me to a place, where they know my name

Cause I ain’t met nobody that looks the same I’m a fish out of water, lion out of the jungle (He a fish out of water, lion out of the jungle) I need my peoples, my peoples, take me to my peoples

THEY GOT JUNGLE FEVER, SHOW HIM LOVE, SHOW HIM LOVE.

Could I have someone, could I have someone, To relate to, to relate to

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’ve found a home,

Feels like I’m in heaven

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’m home,

Feels like I’m in heaven

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’ve found a home,

Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven, heaven Traveling the world, like a touring man Been around the planet in the foreign land I’ve seen things that I’ve thought I’ve never seen

Take me to a place where they live like me I’m a lion out of the jungle, fish out of the ocean (He’s a lion out of the jungle, fish out of the ocean)

(2)

I need my peoples, my peoples, take me to my peoples THEY GOT JUNGLE FEVER, SHOW HIM LOVE,

SHOW HIM LOVE

Could I have someone, could I have someone, To relate to, to relate to

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’ve found a home,

Feels like I’m in heaven

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’m home,

Feels like I’m in heaven

See I’ve been traveling, been traveling forever But now that I’ve found a home,

Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven, Feels like I’m in heaven Feels like I’m in heaven

I’m in heaven,

Oh and I’m feeling right at home Feeling right at home Feeling right at home (I’ve been around the world)

Feeling right at home Feeling right at home Feeling right at home Feeling like I’m in heaven,

(3)

It’s like I’m in heaven I’m in heaven It’s like I’m in heaven

I’m in heaven It’s like I’m in heaven

I’m in heaven Oh yeah

(4)

Appendix 12. The Lyric of We are the Ones (Obama, Obama)

We can change the world, na, na, na We can change the world

I would like to see a cleaner earth for my child that I am bringing into the world very soon

(Obama, Obama) I think that it's time for change I want a better future for my children

(Obama, Obama)

I would like our environment to be safe Es es nuestro America

Mi America Tu America This is our America

Mi America My America Tu America Your America America Nosotros

(Obama, Obama)

Someone can actually make a difference in my generation (Obama, Obama, Obama, Obama, Obama, Obama)

I would like to see us in a world without fear Basically, I would just like the war to end

(5)

Appendix 13. The Lyric of Yes We Can

It was a creed written into the founding documents that declared the destiny of a nation.

Yes we can.

It was whispered by slaves and abolitionists as they blazed a trail toward freedom. Yes we can. Yes we can.

It was sung by immigrants as they struck out from distant shores And pioneers who pushed westward against an unforgiving wilderness.

Yes we can. Yes we can.

It was the call of workers who organized; Women who reached for the ballots;

A President who chose the moon as our new frontier;

And a King who took us to the mountain-top and pointed the way to the Promised Land.

Yes we can to justice and equality.

(yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can...) Yes we can to opportunity and prosperity. Yes we can to opportunity and prosperity.

Yes we can heal this nation. Yes we can repair this world.

Yes we can. Si Se Puede

(yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can...) We know the battle ahead will be long,

But you always remember that no matter what obstacles stand in our way, Nothing can stand in the way of the power of millions of voices calling for change.

We want change!

(We want change! We want change! We want change...)

We have been told we cannot do this by a chorus of cynics who will only grow louder and more dissonant.

We've been asked to pause for a reality check.

We've been warned against offering the people of this nation false hope. But in the unlikely story that is America, there has never been anything false about

hope. We want change!

(We want change! I want change! We want change! I want change...)

The hopes of the little girl who goes to a crumbling school in Dillon are same as the dreams of the boy who learns on the streets of LA;

(6)

That we are not as divided as our politics suggests; That we are one people;

We are one nation;

And together, we will begin the next great chapter in America's story with three words that will ring from coast to coast;

From sea to shining sea - Yes. We. Can.

(yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can, yes we can...)

Grammatical errors in will I am`s songs.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM

‟S

SONGS

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM

‟S

SONGS

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM

‟S

SONGS

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM’S SONGS

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN WILL I AM

‟S

SONGS

Keep your face to

the sunshine

and you can never see

the shadow

For My Beloved

Parents and

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Parts

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