a. Noun Phrase
The first language category that is analyzed is noun phrase. Based on the data, the errors in noun phrase are found into five types of errors. They are determiner,
nominalization, number, use of pronoun, and use of preposition. The errors that emerge in each type will influence the form of noun phrase. The errors are described
as follows:
i. Determiner
Quirk et al state that determiners are a way to determine a noun whether it has definite or indefinite status 1974:137. It means that determiner can explain that the
noun can be addressed into a common or specific thing. The examples of determiner are a which is to indicate a common thing and this which is to indicate a specific
thing. Based on the data, the errors found in four songs are described on the table as follows:
Table 6. Grammatical Error in Determiner Songs
Grammatical Errors
Grammatical Processes
American English Feeling My
Self Bottles on deck
Omission Bottles on a deck
I Like to Move It
Speaker Omission
a speaker
The Travelling Song
lion out of the jungle
Omission a lion out of the jungle
Yes We Can equality
Omission the equality
Determiners are classified into a lot of categories, such as article determiners, possessive determiners, demonstrative determiners, and quantifiers. Based on surface
strategy taxonomy, the errors are caused by omission. The data shows that there is an omission of article determiners. In American English, articles are usually used by
preceding the noun. Articles are one of elements to form noun phrase. Articles function to denote a member of the noun.
The nouns that get the omission of articles are deck, speaker, lion and equality. Deck, speaker, and lion are categorized as the concrete nouns, while
equality is categorized as an abstract noun. All of the objects are included as countable nouns. Moreover, the analysis sees the process by considering the context
of the songs. According to the context on each song, deck, speaker, and lion do not refer to
the specific object. Thus, the objects should be followed by the article a or the article an. The use of articles follows initial sound of the noun. Deck, speaker, and lion start
with an alphabet which has a consonant sound. Thus, they should be preceded by the article a instead of the article an.
However, equality is followed by the definite article the. It happens because equality refers to the specific condition mentioned on the next lyric. The existence of
definite article the aims to emphasize that American people are treated equal on many aspects. It is shown from the lyric emphasizing the equality
condition which is The hopes of the little girl who goes to a crumbling school in Dillon are same as the
dreams of the boy who learns on the streets of LA. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The examples have shown that the errors in determiner are included in the syntactical analysis. It focuses on the analysis of the formation of noun phrase. It is
shown by the omission of articles of the noun phrase. In American English, singular countable nouns are usually preceded by the indefinite articles. In this case, the
omission of articles influences the construction of noun phrase. The previous analysis also shows the discussion of article use towards the
noun phrase. It analyzes the misuse of the article a and the article an to the following nouns. However, this analysis discusses the omission of article determiners that
create the errors in the noun phrase. In American English, the article determiners are usually used before the common nouns to refer to the form of the noun.
ii. Nominalization
Nominalization is the process of changing another part of speech into the noun. It is a part of conversion. Quirk et al state that conversion is a process that an
item is converted to a new word class without providing the addition of suffix 1974: 1009. It can be concluded that the process of nominalization is done without
changing the form of item. In this case, the error is found in one song. The error is
described on the table as follows:
Table 7. Grammatical Error in Nominalization Songs
Grammatical Errors
Grammatical Processes
American English We are The
Ones I think it’s time for
change Omission
I think it’s time for the change
According to surface strategy taxonomy, the error in noun phrase is influenced by the process of nominalization. The example shows that the error occurs
because of the omission of determiner. In the nominalization process, a converted item is preceded by the determiner. In this case, the noun change needs the article the
to show the specific object. The addition of the article the emphasizes the meaning of change. It aims to tell the condition of a new world such as the world peace and the
prosperity. The example above shows that the error is included in the syntactical analysis.
It influences the construction of noun phrase in the nominalization process. There is an omission of definite article. The article the is essential to be placed before change.
It aims to refer to the implied meanings that have been expressed through some lyrics, which are I would like our environment to be safe and I want a better future for my
children. The previous analysis also shows the discussion of the omission of the
determiner in the noun phrase. It emphasizes that the determiners are used in the noun phrase to explain the form of the noun. However, this analysis discusses the omission
of determiner that creates the error in the nominalization process. The existence of determiners is essential in the nominalization case. In this case, it aims to show that a
part of speech in a word has been converted into a part of speech of noun from a part of speech of verb.
iii. Number
Number is the process of denoting the number of count and mass nouns. The form of number includes singular or plural noun. In American English, the number in
noun phrase follows the form of noun itself. Based on the data, there are two songs that are included in this category. The errors are explained through the table as
follows: Table 8. Grammatical Error in Number
Songs Grammatical
Errors Grammatical
Processes American English
The Travelling Song
Peoples Regularization
People
Feeling My Self
don’t give a bread
Simple Addition I don’t give bread
Based on the analysis of surface strategy taxonomy, all of the errors on the data are caused by additions. There are two types of additions that produce the errors.
The first example is peoples. In American English, people is categorized as a plural form of irregular noun. It is incorrect because of an unnecessary addition of suffix
–s. The error on peoples is influenced by regularization. There is a misuse of forming
irregular into regular form. The form of people is not changed to be a regular noun by
being added suffix –s.
The second example is a bread. In American English, bread is categorized as a singular uncountable form. The error is influenced by simple addition. There is an
addition of item which does not lie on the same feature. The addition of indefinite article is actually addressed for countable nouns. However, in this case the addition of
the article is placed before an uncountable noun. According to the principle of American English, bread is not followed by article a to show that it is a singular form.
The examples show the errors are included in the syntactical analysis. The addition in the certain items influences the formation of noun phrase. The addition of
suffix –s creates the error for the irregular countable form. Moreover, the addition of
indefinite article creates the error for the uncountable form. The characteristic of this type lies on the error of determining a number case
for certain nouns. The errors are caused by the addition of an item. Accordingly, there are two cases of errors on the data. In the first example, the existence of article a of
the object bread is incorrect. The indefinite article can not be used for the uncountable nouns to denote that the object number is singular. In the second
example, the existence of suffix –s or –es can not be applied for the irregular form of
nouns such as people. The suffix –s or –es can be used for the regular form of nouns
to denote that the object number is plural. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iv. Use of Pronoun
Pronoun is stated as the way to replace nouns Quirk et al, 1974: 203. In the Standard English, pronouns usually occur without the determiners. According to the
data, the errors are found in three songs. They are described on the table as follows:
Table 9. Grammatical Error in Use of Pronoun Songs
Grammatical Errors
Grammatical Processes
American English Feeling My
Self All these car keys
drive them chickens to my crib
Double marks All these car keys drive chickens to my crib
I Like to Move It
keep on jumping off the floor
Omission You keep on jumping off
the floor
The Travelling Song
been around the planet in the
foreign land Omission
I have been around the planet in the foreign land
Based on surface strategy taxonomy, the errors of the data are caused by two reasons. The first reason is by getting double marks. The example is all these car keys
drive them chickens to my crib. In this case, there are two items that are marked in the same feature. There is a repetition of the object personal use. They are them and
chicken. Them has referred to chicken, thus the use of them should be omitted. The second reason is by getting omission. The errors can be seen through the
examples in
“I Like to Move It” and “The Travelling Song”. Both examples do not
mention the subject that shows the person performing the action. In
“I Like to Move
It”, the subject that misses is you. It is shown by the referent on the next lyric which is Dancing til your feet is sore. Moreover, the subject that misses in
“The Travelling Song” is I. It is referred through the previous lyric which is See I‟ve been traveling.
The examples above show that the errors are included in the syntactical analysis. The errors influence the construction of noun phrase, such as the addition of
similar item in object pronoun. Moreover the errors influence the construction in the sentence structure. There is missing of subject although subject plays an important
role in the grammatical structure. In the context, subject pronoun is able to denote the person who is speaking or performing certain action.
There are two characteristics that create the error in the pronoun case. The first characteristic lies on the error of determining the personal pronoun. In the first
example, there are two nouns, them and chicken, that refer to the similar object personal pronoun. The second characteristic lies on the omission of pronouns that
loses the existence of the main element in the noun phrase. Pronouns can replace the form of noun for the position of subject and object.
v. Use of Preposition
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