v. Past Participle Incorrect
The fifth category is past participle incorrect. There is an incorrect of forming perfect and passive tenses. The example of this category is I was call. Based on the
example, there is an omission of suffix –ed. The existence of suffix –ed is essential of
word formation in the passive tense 1982: 148.
vi. Comparative Adjective or Adverb Incorrect
The last category is comparative adjective or adverb incorrect. The error occurs because an error of forming the comparative sentence structure based on
Standard English. The example of the category is his score is more smaller than me. In this case, there are double marks of comparatives which are more and
–er. Because small is only one syllable, it tends to maintain suffix
–er instead of adding more 1982: 148.
b. Syntactical Analysis
Syntactical analysis is an analysis of discussing sentence, clause, and phrase constructions. Based on the data, the errors in syntax are classified into five
categories. The data are presented as follows: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
i. Noun Phrase
The first category is noun phrase. Based on Politzer and Ramirez, the errors are divided into five types 1982:148. They overwhelm determiners, nominalization,
number, use of pronouns, and use of prepositions. The data are explained as follows: a. Determiners
The errors are seen by the mistake of forming an element in determiners. The example is I put a book in the my room. In American English, it is incorrect
because there are double marks of determiners. Possessive determiner which is my is not followed by article determiner which is the 1982: 148.
b. Nominalization Nominalization is the second type of error in noun phrase. It is a process how
adjective or verb is converted into noun. The error occurs because of a mistake of constructing the nominalization form. The example is cook is
serving the delicious meal. Based on the example, there is an omission of determiner before the subject cook. The determiner has a function to denote
that cook has changed its part of speech from verb to noun 1982:148.
c. Number In number, there is a common error of using singular and plural nouns. The
example is I got some bicycle from my father. The sentence is error because PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
the noun of bicycle is written as a singular noun. However, the determiner shows that the following noun is classified as a plural noun. Thus, the noun
phrase should be some bicycles 1982:148.
d. Use of Pronouns Use of pronouns is the fourth type in noun phrase. It focuses on the error that
lies on the subject and object personal pronouns. The example is I found. In this case, there is an omission of object pronoun. The main verb found needs
the direct object to denote what the object that becomes the theme 1982: 149.
e. Use of Prepositions Use of prepositions is the last type in noun phrase. The error comes when
there is a problem in prepositions. The example is I went the zoo. In this case, there is an omission of preposition to. Preposition to is used to the motion
verbs, for instances are go, walk, and come 1982: 149.
ii. Verb Phrase
The second category is verb phrase. There are three types of errors in the verb phrase that are classified by Politzer and Ramirez’s theory 1982: 149. The errors are
explained as follows: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
a. Omission of Verb Omission of verb can create the error. The example is I at home yesterday. In
this case, there is an omission of auxiliary verb to be. It should be added was after subject I in the context of past tense. To be has a function as a connector
between subject and predicate complement. Moreover, the use of to be should follow the tense form and the subjects 1982: 149.
b. Progressive Tense The error occurs because of an incorrect construction of the progressive
sentence structure. The example is I cooking rice now. Based on the example, there is an omission of to be which is am. In American English, to be is
needed in the construction of progressive tense 1982: 149.
c. Agreement of Subject and Verb The error emerges when there is an incorrect formation of a basic structure
which is subject and verb. The example is you be my sister. In American English, there is a disagreement of subject and verb formation. The agreement
is the auxiliary verb follows the personal pronoun and the tense form. In this context, the tense is in the present form and the subject is the second person
you. Thus, the auxiliary be should be changed into are 1982: 149. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
iii. Verb and Verb Construction
The third category is verb and verb construction. The discussion focuses on the way how two verbs are combined into one sentence. The example is Rina hopes
go to USA. In this case, there is an omission of preposition to before the main verb hopes and the second verb go. Contextually, the meaning of preposition to is to
express her willingness to be able to go to USA 1982: 149.
iv. Word Order
The fourth category is word order. The error occurs when the sentence is not constructed properly by considering principles in American English. The example is
who they are? Based on the example, there error lies on the position of auxiliary. In the form of interrogative sentence, the auxiliary should be placed before the subject
1982: 149.
v. Transformation
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