Review of Related Studies

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

In this part, there are three studies from previous researchers that contribute to this research. The studies conduct two types of discussions which are grammatical errors and African American Vernacular English. The related studies find out criticisms as the basic fundamental of the analysis. The criticisms trigger the researcher to state opinions. They help this research to develop ideas of the topic. The first research is entitled Indonesian EFL Advanced Learner‟s Grammatical Errors by Josefa J. Mardijono in 2003. The purpose of her research is to analyze the grammar errors from seventeen proposals for linguistic researches of Petra Christian University students. The object is taken from seventh semester students of Petra Christian University. In the analysis, Mardijono decides to classify the errors into two types which are linguistic category taxonomy and surface category taxonomy. She corrects the errors by following Standard English. Furthermore, she provides the frequency of occurrence of each type by giving percentages of each data. In the linguistic category taxonomy, she uses the theory of Politzer and Romirez as the guideline. She conducts two studies that are morphology and syntax. In the morphological aspect, she analyzes the errors of word formation, such as the writer language Mardijono, 2003: 73. There is an omission of suffix –s influencing the possessive case. In Standard English, it should be the writer‟s language. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI On the other hand, she analyzes the errors of phrase, clause and sentence constructions in the syntactical aspect. The example of the error is after getting the script from the internet, the writer will check it while he watching the film 2003: 77. According to the case, there is a mistake on finite clause. It is an omission on to be after personal pronoun he. She puts the correctness of the error which is after getting the script from the internet, the writer will check it while he is watching the film. Furthermore, to describe the errors, Mardijono uses the theory of surface strategy taxonomy from Dulay, Burt, and Karshen ’s theory. Based on the theory, she sees the process of sentence structures can change. The example of the analysis is in personal way 2003: 77. In this case, there is an omission of determiner to denote a singular object. Omission is one of processes in surface strategy taxonomy that produces the error of noun phrase. The contribution of her study into this research lies on the use of theories. The theories that are used are linguistic category taxonomy and surface category taxonomy. This research takes Politzer and Ramirez ’s theory by finding the errors from morphological and syntactical analyzes. Moreover, the process of changing sentence structures is seen by the theory of surface category taxonomy by Dulay, Burt, and Krashen’s theory 2003: 81. As a result, the writer aims to conduct the similar research with the same theoretical grounds on a different object. Mardijono’s research uses the proposals from Petra Christian University students in the seventh semester, yet this research uses the songs from Will I Am as the research object. The difference between Mardijono’s research and this research lies on the discussion of the study. This research explains how the grammar errors occur by seeing the background of Will I Am, yet Mardijono does not explain what aspects contribute to the errors. She does not provide the student’s backgrounds in analyzing the data. The student’s background is very essential in forming the grammatical errors. By understanding their backgrounds, Mardijono can understand the weakness towards students’ grammatical performance in their proposals. Therefore, this study is more extensive in terms of analyzing the background that contributes to the grammatical errors. The second research is entitled A Phonological Analysis of Black English in 50 Cent‟s Song Lyrics in the Album „Curtis‟ by Estu Kuncoro Ismartono in 2009. The purpose of her research is to find out phonological processes and phonological characteristics in 50 Cent’s Song. Ismartono lists characteristics of Black English words in eighteen songs of 50 Cent. She provides the general rule of Black English linguistic features. The data analysis also compares with the linguistic system of Standard English Ismartono, 2009: 34. Furthermore, Ismartono provides the history of African American Vernacular to emphasize the language system 2009: 8. However, there is a prominent difference found between Ismartono’s research and this research. The prominent difference focuses on the data analysis. Ismartono tends to focus on a phonological aspect, while this thesis tends to focus on morphological and syntactical aspects. This research aims to create a new study towards African American Vernacular English AAVE. Ismartono inspires this research to analyze the language system of Black English through songs. She explains the language system of AAVE by seeing the linguistic features of phonetics and phonology. She provides the background of 50 Cent to find out what factors contribute to the language system. However, this research analyzes AAVE language system by seeing the linguistic features of morphology and syntax. In addition, this research provides Will I Am ’s background to find out the factors that contribute to his language use in his songs. The last research is entitled African American Vernacular English as Seen in A Novel “The Help” by Kathyrn Stockett 2009 by Tifanny Hanna Pratiwi in 2015. She aims to analyze linguistic features of African American Vernacular English and the speech acts of two distinctive cultures among characters in the novel. She discusses three linguistic features of African American Vernacular English AAVE that are syntactical features, phonological features, and lexical features. Pratiwi contributes a theory of AAVE which presents classifications of African American Vernacular English linguistic features, for instance analyzing verbal tense marking, noun and pronoun in the syntactical features. Furthermore, she analyzes the speech theory to discuss the ways of conversation toward two distinctive cultures among the speakers Pratiwi, 2015: 14. This research has a different perspective from Prat iwi’s research in terms of the discussion. Pratiwi does not clarify the author’s background on her research. The author’s background is necessary to be provided to explain more details about the author’s contribution towards her work. The readers are able to understand the author’s language style through the background. Thus, it does not give a strong proof in explaining African American Vernacular English in Pratiwi’s research. However, this research encloses Will I Am ’s background as the song writer of his works. This research aims to commit the research on the different object. Pratiwi’s research uses a novel by Kathryn Stockett 2009. She finds out the characteristics of African American Vernacular English from the conversations that are uttered by the African Americans. However, this research uses a song from Will I Am. The writer finds out the characteristics of African American Vernacular English from a part of lyrics.

B. Review of Related Theories