b. Perceptual Process
In the previous section, the researcher elaborates the definition of perception. Additionally, Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy 2000 put forward,
“Perception refers to the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data into useful mental representative of the world” p. 107. Huffman, et al.
2000 also give details that there are three basic of perceptual process; they are: selecting, organizing, and interpreting incoming sensations p. 107. The
elaboration of the perceptual process according to Huffman 2000 will be elaborated in the following sections pp. 108-125.
1 Selection. The selection process allows a person to choose which of the
billions of separate sensory messages will eventually be processed. In general, selective attention allows a person to direct his or her attention to the
most important aspect of the environment at any one time. 2
Organization. After a person selects the incoming information, he or she should organize it into patterns and principles that will help him or her to
understand the world. 3
Interpreting. After selectively sorting through incoming sensory information and organizing it into pattern, the brain uses this information to explain and
make judgments about the external world. In addition, Altman, et al. 1985 put forward fairly different perceptual
process. Altman, et al. 1985 add a number of phases in the perceptual process.
Figure 2.1 The Perceptual Process Altman, et al., 1985, p. 86
From Figure 2.1, it is obvious that stimuli become the starting point of the perception. Warga 1983 describes the perceptual process that firstly begins with
the stimuli The process of perception begins with a stimulus, a form of physical
energy that strikes our sensory receptors. This triggers the receptors to send a message to the brain, which interprets the message as a sensation or
feeling p. 207.
After selecting the stimuli, a person will be able to organize and then interpret the stimuli Altman, et al., 1985, p. 86. Furthermore, people who have different
perceptions of a certain thing, they will also have different responses Altman, et al., 1985, p. 86.
c. Factors Influencing Perception
In the foregoing section, the researcher elaborates the perceptual process; in this section, the researcher adds details to the factors that influence perception.
Altman, et al. 1985 in Organizational Behavior: Theory and Practice propose four factors, which influence perception p. 86. Those four factors are: selection
of stimuli, organization of stimuli, the situation, and the person ’s self-concept
Altman, et al., 1985, pp. 86-91. The elaboration of those factors will go into detail in the following sections.
Stimuli
Sensor ’s
selection of stimuli
Perception, organization, and
interpretation of stimuli
Behavioral response
1 Selection of stimuli. It is the process when a person begins to select certain
stimuli and filter out others. 2
Organization of stimuli. Organization of stimuli is the arrangement of stimuli which affects a person
’s perception. 3
The situation. A person’s familiarity with, or expectation about, a situation, as well as his or her past experience belong to situation. Situation also gives
influence to perception. 4
The person’s self-concept. In this case, the ways a person feels about and perceive himself or herself is known as self-concept. Self-concept influences
a person ’s perception of the world around him or her.
Given these points, it is worth noting that the four factors that influence perception are important for those factors may lead a person to have different
perception from others.
3. Pedagogy
In the previous section, the researcher elaborates the theory of perception, while in this section, the researcher explains the theory of pedagogy. Adi,
Dwiatmoko, Istono, Nugraha, and Maryarsanto 2010 state that pedagogy is derived from the word paidei Greece p. 23. Correspondingly, the word paidei
means a methodology or a way to help the students grow and develop according to their life perception and vision of an ideal human person Adi, et al., 2010, p.
23. The methodology is a continual dynamic process of engagement of one ’s
context, meaningful experiences, and personal reflection to foster decisions,
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