Research Setting Research Participants
33 phenomenon in their perspective and stay away from the prejudgment. The
verbatim transcript was written originally as what was recorded in the in-depth interview section. The researcher also did collaborative work with the participants
to check that the verbatim transcripts were originally based on their answers and it was not affected by researcher’s perspective. In the end, epoche was important in
order to capture the participants’ lived experiences and to construct the meaning of those experiences.
Meanwhile, a phenomenological reduction considers a phenomenon with an open mind and from different perspectives Moustakas, 1994. In a
phenomenological reduction, the first step is horizontalization. Moustakas 1994 states that horizonalization is a process when the researcher identifies and lists the
important statements of the participants which are related to the topic and have the same value. The researcher deleted some repetitions, overlapping, and also some
lack of clarity statements. This step also aimed to minimize biases from the researcher. In the end of this step, there was only the horizon of what the
participants experience the phenomenon; it was also called by a textural description. Next step was clustering and thematizing. From the textual description, the
researcher clustered the data which are called as clustered invariant data Moustakas, 1994. Then, he also adds that the clustered invariant data are labeled
by theme table. The researcher also checked the validity of the theme table. There were two requirements to check the validity. The data should be explicitly
expressed or compatible. If the data did not require those two things, the data should be deleted.
34 The fourth was imaginative variation. This step aims to find possible
meaning through the imagination and seeing phenomenon from a divergent perspective, position, or purpose Moustakas, 1994. The researcher constructed
variety imaginations from the textural description. The fifth step was constructing a structural description based on the textural description and imaginative variation.
The last step was constructing a textural-structural description of meaning and essences of the experience, incorporating invariant constituents and themes.