31 depth interviews were done in Indonesian. The reason for choosing Indonesian in
the in-depth interview is because Indonesian was the parti cipants’ mother tongue.
It would avoid misunderstanding between the participant and the researcher. The researcher also believed when the participants were talking Indonesian, they could
fully express their feeling. Thus, the researcher could grasp deep meaning again. In-depth interview guideline was also used in the in-depth interview in order
to make it focuses in line. The in-depth interview guideline consisted of some supporting questions related to the research question. The questions which were
asked to the participants in the in-depth interview were formal and informal. Ary et al. 2010 believe that informal in-depth interview facilitates the researcher to
explore the participants’ thoughts and feelings to grasp the essence of their experiences. Some questions were made in order to rouse the participants to
elaborate their answers. After all of the in-depth interviews were done and the processed data were
ready, the processed data were given back to each participant in order to check the validity of the data. Each participant had the right to do some rejections and
corrections. If there were some rejections and corrections from the participant, the researcher revised them and turned the revised processed data back to the
participant. This step was done repeatedly until there were no rejections and corrections.
The next steps, the researcher asked the participants to write their personal reflections related to CLS 1 class and the use of The Toughest Place to be a Binman
in CLS 1. The use of reflections in this research helped the participants to bring the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32 unconscious into consciousness Ortlipp, 2008. A reflection also facilitated the
participants to tell about their experiences which they did not mention it in the in- depth interview.
E. Data Analysis
In this research, the researcher elaborated two phenomenological data processes and analysis which were taken from Moustakas 1994 and Van Kaam
method 1959 1966 as cited in Moustakas 1994. The steps were epoche, phenomenological reduction, clustering and thematizing, imaginative variation, and
synthesis meaning and essence.
Figure 3.1. Phenomenological data process Adopted from Moustakas and Van Kaam Method as cited in Moustakas 1994
First step was epoche. Epoche is related to the naturalness Moustakas, 1994. He also adds that epoche is a condition when the researcher does not see a
1. Epoche • Validation of the data
2. Phenomenological reduction • Horizontalization
• Textural description 3. Clustering and Thematizing
• Clustered invariant data • Theme table
• Validation of the theme table 4. Imaginative variation
• Structural description 5. Synthesis meaning and essence
33 phenomenon in their perspective and stay away from the prejudgment. The
verbatim transcript was written originally as what was recorded in the in-depth interview section. The researcher also did collaborative work with the participants
to check that the verbatim transcripts were originally based on their answers and it was not affected by researcher’s perspective. In the end, epoche was important in
order to capture the participants’ lived experiences and to construct the meaning of those experiences.
Meanwhile, a phenomenological reduction considers a phenomenon with an open mind and from different perspectives Moustakas, 1994. In a
phenomenological reduction, the first step is horizontalization. Moustakas 1994 states that horizonalization is a process when the researcher identifies and lists the
important statements of the participants which are related to the topic and have the same value. The researcher deleted some repetitions, overlapping, and also some
lack of clarity statements. This step also aimed to minimize biases from the researcher. In the end of this step, there was only the horizon of what the
participants experience the phenomenon; it was also called by a textural description. Next step was clustering and thematizing. From the textual description, the
researcher clustered the data which are called as clustered invariant data Moustakas, 1994. Then, he also adds that the clustered invariant data are labeled
by theme table. The researcher also checked the validity of the theme table. There were two requirements to check the validity. The data should be explicitly
expressed or compatible. If the data did not require those two things, the data should be deleted.
