Theories of Critical Approach

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is a review of related theories, while the second part is theoretical framework. In the first part, the writer explains about the theories that are going to be used, and the second part the writer explains the steps in conducting this study.

A. Review of Related Theories

There are some theories that are used by the writer in conducting the study. These theories give the writer valuable information which is very helpful in analysing the novel. The theories used are theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of homosexuality and the last one is theory of character development.

1. Theories of Critical Approach

Rohrberger and Woods 1971 in Reading and Writing about Literature state that a critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values. One must know what literature is, how to read it, and how to judge it p. 3. According to Rohrberger and Woods 1971, there are five approaches as means of analyzing a literary work pp. 6-15. The first approach is the formalist approach. It focuses on the technique and structure that the author uses in his work. This approach only examines the literary work without reference to the author‟s life, genre of the work or to its place in the 9 development of the work or in literary history and without reference to its social environment. The second approach is biographical approach. This approach believes that the life of the author is an important point in analysing a piece of literary work. It attempts to learn as much as they can about the life and development of the author and to apply this knowledge in their attempts to understand his writings. The third is the sociocultural-historical approach. This approach leads to analyse a literary work in reference to the civilization or attitudes and action of specific group of people that produce the literary work. The fourth is mythopoeic approach. It tries to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thoughts in significant work of art. Recurrent patterns are related to those that are found in ancient myths and folks rites and are so basic to human thought that have meaning for all men. The last is psychological approach. This approach is the one which the writer uses in this study. This approach leads to analyze the literary work from the psychological point a view of human beings. It is usually related to human motivation, personality and behaviour patterns written in literary objects. Besides, this approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious of the human mind, which lead to the conclusion that it is this area that is the wellspring of man ‟s rich imagination, his capacity for creation and the complexity of his thought, behaviour, and the contents of this region of the mind finding expressions in symbolic words, thoughts, and action. The writer uses this approach in order to find out the character development of Maurice as a homosexual. The writer uses the psychological approach because this is the most appropriate approach in order 10 to know the character development of human being.

2. Theories of Character