Activities of Water Sector

18 Table 6 Activities of Long-Term Development Plan in Water Sector Category Activities 2010-2014 2015-2019 2020-2024 2025-2029 Data , Info rma tion and Knowledg e Manage ment Vulnerability and risk assessment at regional level and strategic zone Focus area: BBWS Sumatera I and Mesuji Sekampung in Sumatera, BBWS Bengawan Solo and Pemali Juwana in Java, BWS Kalimantan II in Kalimantan, BBWS Pompengan Jenebarang in Sulawesi, BWS Nusa Tenggara I in Nusa Tenggara, BWS Maluku, and BWS Papua. Focus area: BBWS Brantas and Ciliwung-Cisedane; BBWS Sumatera II dan V; BWS Kalimantan III; BWS Sulawesi II; BWS Nusatenggara II; Maluku and Papua Focus area: BBWS Serayu- Opak, Cimanuk- Cisanggarung and Bali; BBWS Sumatera IV and VI; BWS Kalimantan I; and BWS Sulawesi I Focus area: BBWS Citarum-Citanduy and Cidanau-Ciujung-Cidurian; BBWS Sumatera VIII and Sumatera III; Kalimantan I; and Sulawesi P lan ni ng a n d P o li cy , R egul a tio n and In sti tutio n a l Dev elopm e n t Revitalization of local wisdom and building the capacity and participation of community in adapting to climate change Focus area: SWS Musi in Sumatera, WS Citarum, Ciliwung and Citanduy in West Java and Jakarta, WS Mahakam in Kalimantan, and SWS Jeneberang in Sulawesi. Focus area: WS Bengawan Solo, Pemali, Comal; SWS Krueng; WS Kapuas Focus area: WS Brantas; SWS Batangharileko; WS Barito; and Tondano Focus area: WS Opak; SWS Mesuji; WS Kahayan; and North Sulawesi Enhancement of water conservation and reduction of hazard and disaster related to climate change Focus area: West Sumatera Province, Banten and West Java Province, West Kalimantan Province, Gorontalo Province, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Maluku Province, and West Papua Province. Focus area: Central Java; Bengkulu; South Kalimantan; East Sulawesi; West Nusatenggara Focus area: DI Yogyakarta; Lampung; Central Kalimantan; and North Sulawesi Focus area: East Java; Aceh; East Kalimantan; and Southeast Sulawesi Im p lem en ta ti o n a n d Contr o l with Monitor in g and Eval uati on Enlargement of water supply using appropriate technology and development of local water resources Focus area: BBWS Sumatera VIII in Sumatera, and BWS Kalimantan II in Kalimantan; Papua: BWS Western Papua Focus area: BWS Kalimantan III; BWS Northern Papua Focus area: BWS Kalimantan I; BWS Southern Papua TBD Improvement of storage capacity and water infrastructure for safeguarding water balance and disaster prevention Focus area: construction of dams in Deli Serdang, North Sumatera, in Ponorogo, East Java, in Wajo, South Sulawesi, and in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara TBD TBD TBD Note: Thicker shade represents stronger weight 19 6 ADAPTATION IN THE MARINE AND FISHERIES SECTOR

6.1 Current Condition and Projection of Marine and Fisheries Sector

6.1.1 Coastal Inundation

Indonesia is an archipelagic country consisting of 17,480 islands with total coastline of 95,181 km. Coastal inundation due to SLR will cause serious problems along coastal zones where a large part of population about 50-60 of total resides. Significant infrastructure and economic assets are located in these areas. As an example, there are about 968 fishery ports that have been built without considering SLR projection. Many important tourist destination and attractions, both natural and man-made, lie in coastal areas. The estimated average rate of SLR in Indonesia is around 0.6 cmyear. Based on available SLR scenarios, maps of inundated area have been developed as exemplified for Java Island below and the projection of the size of inundated areas in each region in Indonesia in 2030 is illustrated below. Figure 8 Simulation of Coastal Inundation in Java-Madura-Bali Innundation Area km2 Scenario III SLR 2030 + Tide + ENSO + Storm Surge 1932.86 7024.23 7641.90 4275.45 4318.81 14468.29 24286.82 Nusa Tenggara Jawa Bali Kalimantan Maluku Sulawesi Papua Sumatera Figure 9 Projection of Inundation Area in 2030 20 6.1.2 Sea Surface Temperature Based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency NOAA optimum interpolation OI data from 1983 to 2008, the average of SST trend over the Indonesian Seas is 0.65 o C + 0.05 o C in 2030. Coral reefs are very vulnerable towards abrupt change of temperatures. Temperature increase of 1 o C to 2 o C from long-term average will also cause coral bleaching. Indonesia also possesses the largest area of coral reef in the world, with an area reaching 60,000 km 2 which is around 18 of the world’s coral reef. According to the Directorate General of Coastal and Small Islands, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries DKP, 2005, the current condition of Indonesia’s reefs is as follows: damaged 42.78, moderate 28.30, preserved 23.72. However, the reefs which are still considered to be in pristine condition are only 6.20 of the total. In the meantime, the warmer SST may shift fishing grounds from tropical area to the sub-tropical regions with a lower temperature. Figure 10 Sea Surface Temperature Increase Based on SRES a1b Using MRI_CGCM 3.2 Model

6.1.3 Extreme Events

Many oceanographers argue that global warming has a strong relationship with a higher frequency of extreme event, such as El Niño and La Niña Timmermann et. al., 1999 and Timmerman, 2000. Generally, El Niño and La Niña occur once every 3-7 years, but since 1970, the frequency of El Niño and La Niña increases to once every 2-6 years Torrence and