20
6.1.2
Sea Surface Temperature Based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency NOAA optimum interpolation OI
data from 1983 to 2008, the average of SST trend over the Indonesian Seas is 0.65
o
C
+
0.05
o
C in 2030. Coral reefs are very vulnerable towards abrupt change of temperatures. Temperature
increase of 1
o
C to 2
o
C from long-term average will also cause coral bleaching. Indonesia also possesses the largest area of coral reef in the world, with an area reaching
60,000 km
2
which is around 18 of the world’s coral reef. According to the Directorate General of Coastal and Small Islands, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries DKP, 2005,
the current condition of Indonesia’s reefs is as follows: damaged 42.78, moderate 28.30, preserved 23.72. However, the reefs which are still considered to be in pristine
condition are only 6.20 of the total. In the meantime, the warmer SST may shift fishing grounds from tropical area to the sub-tropical regions with a lower temperature.
Figure 10 Sea Surface Temperature Increase Based on SRES a1b Using MRI_CGCM 3.2 Model
6.1.3 Extreme Events
Many oceanographers argue that global warming has a strong relationship with a higher frequency of extreme event, such as El Niño and La Niña Timmermann et. al., 1999 and
Timmerman, 2000. Generally, El Niño and La Niña occur once every 3-7 years, but since 1970, the frequency of El Niño and La Niña increases to once every 2-6 years Torrence and
21
Compo, 1999. La Nina could also heighten wave height by around 20 cm. Additionally, rising SST will lead to an increase of extreme weather events storms, cyclone. According to
Saunders and Lea 2008, an increase in SST by 0.5ºC is correlated with an increase of hurricanes by as much as 40. Although very few tropical cyclones hit land in Indonesia,
extreme marine weather events that occur in other areas may cause significant impact in the form of massive high waves and storm surges to vulnerable coastal areas.
6.2 Issues and Strategies of the Marine and Fisheries Sector
Several issues that were initially identified in the marine and fisheries sector from risk analysis are:
1. Existing regulation and policy have not specified the need for climate change adaptation 2. Inundation of settlements, businesses and ports because of SLR and damage caused by
storms have not been considered. 3. Shifting of fishing grounds, depletion of fishing stocks, and the changing pattern of winds
will bring severe damages Inundation of fishponds on coastal areas because of SLR 4. Degrading and sinking small islands in the remote areas of Indonesia border
The strategies for Roadmap of climate change adaptation in marine and fishery sector are as follows:
1. Physical adaptation in coastal zones and small islands by an integrated management and environmentally sound physical engineering.
2. Population management 3. Infrastructure and public facility management
4. Resource management of fisheries, water resources and defense and security small strategic islands on the border
5. Integrated ecosystem management of coastal zones, small islands and ocean 6. Formulation of regulation and policy for adaptation
7. Data and research inventory and human resource development
6.3 Activities of the Marine and Fisheries Sector
Several activities to anticipate hazards brought by intensified climate change were discussed in several focus group discussions with stakeholders from marine and fisheries sector and
illustrated in the table below.
