Activities of Health Sector

36 Table 10 Activities of Long-Term Development Plan in Health Sector Category 2010-2014 2015-2019 2020-2024 2025-2029 Data , Inform at io n an d Kn ow le d g e Ma na ge me nt Analysis of climate change hazard, vulnerability, risk and impact to health on province and regencycity level Improvement of analysis on climate change hazard, vulnerability, risk and impact to health on province and regencycity level Database, information system, and community health profile arrangement and modernization Database, information system, and community health profile modernization Implementation of integrated online GIS database to support information system and community health profile Expansion and integration of climate change management information system in public service and national planning Plannin g an d P o li cy , Re gul a tio n and Institut io nal De vel o p m en t Strengthening of policy and regulation based on community health Strengthening of policy and regulation based on community health Strengthening of policy and regulation based on community health Strengthening of policy and regulation based on community health Climate change adaptation strategy training and networking at central, province, and regencycity level Climate change adaptation strategy training and networking at central, province, and regencycity level Climate change adaptation strategy training and networking at central, province, and regencycity level Climate change adaptation strategy training and networking at central, province, and regencycity level Im p lem en ta ti o n a n d C o n tr o l w it h Monitor ing an d Evaluation Early warning system campaign for climate change impact areas Improvement of early warning system for climate change impact areas Strengthening of health service system as response to climate change Strengthening of integrated health service system considering community growth, demographic change, poverty, general health infrastructure, sanitation, health facility, nutrient, healthy lifestyle, pesticide resistance, and environmental damage Improvement of financial support, equipment, and infrastructure to support disease control program, for instance, through international cooperation Improvement of financial support, equipment, and infrastructure to support disease control program, for instance, through international cooperation Improvement of financial support, equipment, and infrastructure to support disease control program, for instance, through international cooperation Improvement of financial support, equipment, and infrastructure to support disease control program, for instance, through international cooperation 37 Category 2010-2014 2015-2019 2020-2024 2025-2029 Improvement of public access to health service in several regenciescities Improvement of public access to health service in several regenciescities Improvement of public access to health service in several regenciescities Improvement of public access to health service in several regenciescities Strengthening of monitoring system, surveillance, and health information system in climate change Strengthening of monitoring system, surveillance, and health information system in climate change Strengthening of monitoring system, surveillance, and health information system in climate change Community involvement through Communication, Information, and Education module making, campaign, and health promotion Improvement of community involvement especially preventive effort to fix environmental sanitation Improvement of community involvement through ongoing socialization Improvement of community involvement through ongoing socialization Appropriate adaptation technology development Implementation of adaptive healthy housing technology to climate change Note: Thicker shade represents stronger weight 38 Electricity 11.0 Industry 21. Land Transportation

42.2 Households

19.1 Non Land Transportation 5.8 9 MITIGATION IN TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

9.1 Emission Status

Transportation is the biggest and most rapidly growing primary energy consuming sector in Indonesia. Approximately 48 of Indonesian primary energy is consumed by the transportation sector, with an estimated 67 million tones of CO₂ TNA, 2009. The industrial, household, and power plant sector consume respectively 22, 19, and 11. Road transportation stands in the first rank of energy consumption, consuming 42 of energy in Indonesia, while other modes air and sea only consume 6. It is therefore vital that efforts in mitigating future emissions would need to focus particularly on the road transport sub- sector. Road transport consumes about 88 of total energy in the transport sector, while sea transportation, air, trains, and interconnections ferries consume respectively 7, 4, and 1 of energy. Currently, the large energy usage by the transportation sector means that this sector produces the highest concentration of air pollution, especially in urban areas that have a high number of road vehicles. Emission of local pollutants from road transport is growing at an average annual rate of 8-12. Based on the Ministry of Environment’s research in 2005, in Java’s big cities such as Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya, motorized road vehicles are the most dominant air polluters. They contribute up to 98.8 of Jakarta’s total emission of local pollutants, including 73.4 of NO x and 88.9 of HC gas emissions. Figure 14 Energy Consumption by Each Sector left and by Subsectors of Transportation Road Transportation 88 Railroad and Ferry 1 Sea Transportion 7 Air Transportation 4 39

9.2 Mitigation Potentials

The mitigation of transport emissions can be achieved through a comprehensive strategy as follows:

1. Avoid or reduce the need to travel through developing land use and urban development

patterns that allow people to access essential facilities without excessive travel.

2. Shift travel to, or at least retain the share of carbon efficient travel modes, which include

non-motorized transport e.g., cycling and walking, public transport, and water based transport.

3. Improve the energy and carbon efficiency of motorized vehicles through technological

improvements on engines and fuels. Exercise on some policy measures has been carried out using the multimodal-multiuser transport network model, which might take account of the activity intensity trips of passenger and freight, as well as the effect of transport infrastructure capacity effect of congestions. The CO 2 estimation from the transport sector using this model is differentiating the interurban and urban transport network based on the following proportions in terms of total trip length. Table 11 Estimation of CO 2 Proportion based on Travel Type in Indonesia 2006 data Type Remarks CO 2 Proportion 2006 2029 Regional Trips Based on estimation using transport network model and national origin destination data 80.1 63.3 Urban Trips Derived from Jabodetabek transport network and up scaled for all 23 main cities in Indonesia 15.8 24.8 Others Local transport and idle vehicle 4.1 12.0 Total 100.0 100.0