3
Introduction
1.2. Health and economic impact of tobacco use
Based on the Baseline Health Research 2010, an average of 12 cigarettes sticks is consumed per person per day at an average price of IDR 600.00 per stick; the expenditure for tobacco per person per day is thus IDR 7200.00 or IDR 216 000.00
per person per month. This expenditure is larger than the Conditional Cash Transfer CCT programme for poor families of IDR 100 000.00
per family per month. The total medical expenditure on selected major diseases 629 017 hospitalized cases attributed to tobacco use in 2010
was IDR 1.85 trillion; these included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, selected neoplasmscancers and perinatal disorders. It is estimated that there were 1 258 034 ambulatory cases of tobacco-related
diseases. With the average expenditure per patient per visit without subsidy of IDR 208.337, the total expenditure for ambulatory services in 2010 was IDR 0.26 trillion. It is estimated that in 2010, 190 260 Indonesians 100 680 men and 89
580 women died due to tobacco-related diseases, accounting for 12.7 of the total deaths in 2010, which was 1 539 288.The total disability-adjusted life years DALYs lost due to premature mortality and disabilities in 2010 was 3 533 000
DALYs . The World Bank and WHO study in 2005 found that low-income households spent 7.2 of their income on tobacco.
Affordability of cigarettes has increased in the past decade in Indonesia. Households with smokers spent an average of
11.5 on tobacco products, compared with 11.0 on fish, meat, eggs and milk combined, 2.3 on health and 3.2 on education. Tobacco in Indonesia became 50 more affordable between 1980 and 1998. Cigarette taxes and prices in
Indonesia are low relative to other low-income countries and regional averages.Overall, real cigarette prices have remained remarkably stable between 1970 and 2005.
1.3. Tobacco control policies
Indonesia is the only country in the South-East Asia Region that has not signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control FCTC; however , Indonesia is committed to implementing the MPOWER policy package 61st Regional Committee
resolution. Government Regulation No 811999 on Tobacco Control was issued as an implementation document for tobacco control measures stated in the 1992 Health Law. The articles include regulations on advertisements, health
warning labels, restrictions on tar and nicotine levels, public disclosure of cigarette content, penalties and enforcement, regulatory authority, public participation and provisions for a smoke-free environment. This regulation, however, did not
address issues on economics, liability, sale to minors and sponsorships.
The Government Regulation No 382000 on Tobacco Control basically revised the Regulation No 811999 on tobacco advertisements permitting advertisements in the electronic media, in addition to printed and outdoor media and
prolonging the deadline for industries to comply with new regulations to five to seven years, depending on the type of industry. In 2003, the government issued Regulation No 192003 which replaced Regulation No 382000 and included
aspects related to the size and types of messages in health warning labels, time restrictions for advertising in the electronic media and testing of tar and nicotine levels.
The Indonesian Health Law Law No 362009 on Health states that tobacco and tobacco products are considered as addictive substances and will be regulated to protect the health of the individual, family, community as well as the
environment. Based on this law, a government regulation on tobacco control has been prepared; the proposed regulation is still being debated. Besides, in the past seven years, more than 20 local governments province, district and city have
enacted local laws on smoke-free environments. The Indonesian Ministry of Health has also appointed a Tobacco Control Focal Point at the Directorate General of Disease
Control and Environmental Health to coordinate technical activities and prepare regulations on tobacco control. There are many nongovernment organizations NGOs working on tobacco control activities. The Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce
Tobacco Use of Bloomberg Philanthropies has supported tobacco control initiatives at the national and subnational levels.
4
Introduction Indonesia implemented GATS in 2011.GATS enhances the countr
y’s capacity to design, implement and evaluate tobacco control programmes and provides key indicators for monitoring the MPOWER policy package. An efficient and systematic
surveillance mechanism to monitor the epidemic is one of the essential components of a comprehensive tobacco control programme.
1.4. Survey objectives
Kategori