9. Generalization.
Generalization is a translation technique where a translator uses a more general or neutral term in the target language, for example: becak into
vehicle.
10. Linguistic amplification.
Linguistic amplification is a translation technique that add linguistic elements. This is often used in consecutive interpreting and dubbing.
11. Linguistic compression.
It is a translation technique that synthesize linguistic elements in the target text. This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in sub-titling.
12. Literal translation.
Literal translation happens when a translator translates a word or an expression word for word, for example, I buy a new clothes is translated
into saya membeli baju baru.
13. Modulation.
It is a translation technique that changes the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the source text; it can be lexical or
structural, for example, I broke my leg is translated into kakiku patah.
14. Particularization.
Particularization is a translation technique where a translator uses a more precise or concrete term, for example to translate land transportation in
English as mobil in Indonesian.
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15. Reduction.
Reduction is the opposite of amplification technique. It suppresses a source text information item in the target text, for example, to translate the
month of fasting into Ramadhan.
16. Substitution.
Substitution is a translation technique that changes linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements or vice versa, for example to translate the Arabic
gesture of putting your hand on your heart as thank you.
17. Transposition.
Transposition is related to the change in the grammar from the source language into the target language, for example the change from plural into
singular, such as plastic toys translated into mainan plastik. 18.
Variation.
Variation is related to the change linguistic or paralinguistic elements intonation, gestures that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of
textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc., e.g., to introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating for
the theater, changes in tone when adapting novels for children, etc.
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G. Translation Quality
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