written message or statement from the souce language into the target language by considering the meaning and style of the text in order to employ the
equivalence between the source language and the target language. Besides, language variety used to match the types of text being translated.
B. Types of Translation
Catford 1965: 25 divides translation into three kinds, namely word-for- word translation, literal translation, and free translation.
1. Word-for-word translation
Word-for-word translation has a characteristic that the sentence which is translated from source language into target language has the same order and
meaning. There is no change of formation on the structure. Catford 1965: 25 defines that “It is essentially rank-bound at word rank but many may include
some morpheme, morpheme equivalences”. Nababan 1997: 20 states that this type can be applied if the structure of source language and target language
are the same. Otherwise, if the structure of both languages is different, word- for-word translation should be avoided because the result may not be
understandable and has different sentence structure in the receptor’s language. Example :
I Like
That Clever
Student Saya
Menyukai Itu
Pintar Anak
Nababan, 1999:30
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2. Literal translation
Catford 1965: 25 says that literal translation may start as it were word- for-word translation, but it makes change in conformity with target language
grammar for example: inserting additional word, changing at any rank, etc”. Literal translation may be like word-for-word translation but the translator
modifies the order and grammar only by using an acceptable sentence structure in the target language.
Example : He
Buys A
new car
Dia Membeli
sebuah mobil
baru
New car is not translated into baru mobil, but into mobil baru, because the translation is modified to get the acceptable noun phrase in the target
language. In the target language Indonesian, modifier is placed after the “thing”. The source language English places modifier before the “thing”.
3. Free translation
Catford says that “a free translation is always unbounded-equivalences shunt up and down the rank scale, but tend to be at the higher ranks –
sometimes between larger units than the sentence” 1965: 25. Free Translation focuses on the contents or meaning of target language and it may change the
style and form. Therefore, free translation reproduces translation which only has the same message with the original text but the style and form are different.
Example of free translation: SL : His heart is in right place
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TL : Dia baik hati Nababan, 1999 : 31
C. Problems in Translation
