example: a teacher uses name such as Dani and Mrs. Harris. Fasold 1990:2 states that people can address everyone in two ways: by their first name FN
such as Bob and Jim or by their title and last name TLN such as Dr. John and Mrs. Smith.
F. Translation Techniques
Since the translator is asked to find the closest meaning of the source text, heshe needs some techniques. Molina and Albir 2002: 509 define
translation technique as procedures to analyse and classify how translation equivalence works. There are 18 translation techniques according to Molina
and Albir 2002: 509 - 511. They are:
1. Adaptation.
Adaptation is a translation technique that is applied by the translator to replace a source text cultural element with one from the target culture, for
example to change as white as snow into seputih kapas in Indonesian.
2. Amplification.
Amplification is a translation technique that introduces details that are not formulated in the source text: information, explicative paraphrasing, for
example, when translating Ramadan to the Muslim month of fasting.
3. Borrowing
Borrowing happens when a word or an expression is borrowed straight from another language. It can be pure without any changes, for example,
to use the English word hard copy in Indonesian or it can be naturalized
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to fit the spelling rules in the target language, for example, komputer Molina and Albir, 2002:510.
4. Calque.
Calque is a translation technique where a translator translates words or phrases of the source language literally; for example, interest rate is
translated into tingkat suku bunga.
5. Compensation.
Compensation is a translation technique that introduces a source text element of information or stylistic affect in another place in the target text
because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the source text.
6. Description.
Description is a translation technique that is applied by replacing a term or expression with a description of its form orand function, for example to
translate The Big Deeper as Kereta mini dengan rel yang naik turun tajam.
7. Discursive creation.
Discursive creation is a translation technique which establishes a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context, for
example, the Spanish translation of the film Rumble fish as La ley de la calle.
8. Established equivalence.
It is a translation technique that is applied by using a term or expression recognized as an equivalent in the target language based on the dictionary
or habit. It is like literal translation, for example, They are as like as peas is translated into Mereka seperti pinang belah dua.
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9. Generalization.
