Sonorants with Clusters Containing Glottal Stops or Glottalized Consonants

148

3.4.3.2.2 Sonorants with

ʔ All of the sonorants which appear in indigenous unbound morphemes also occur in complex onsets where they are preceded by a glottal stop. Examples appear in Table 3-20 where the clusters appear down the far left column and the vowels across the top row. Table 3-20 ʔ-Sonorant Clusters cluster i ɛ a o u ʔm ʔmi˥ ‘named’ ʔmɛ˧ ‘die’ ʔma˧ ‘hidden’ ʔn - ʔni˧ ‘it is x’ ʔna˩ ‘shiny’ ʔɲ ʔɲa˩ ‘chills’ ʔɲu˧ ‘twins’ ʔw ʔwi˥ ‘to drink’ ʔwɛ˩ ‘to plant’ ʔwa˩ ‘curves’ ʔj ʔja˧ ‘mule driver’ ʔju˩ ‘bud’ Once again the limited distribution of the o is confirmed. There are gaps in co-occurrence of i with ʔɲ and ʔj which is in alignment with the co-occurrence restriction [front front] σ previously suggested. These two in addition to the ʔn do not co-occur with ɛ. Finally ʔm, ʔn and ʔw do not occur with u. All of the ʔ-sonorant combinations occur with a. The two consonants m and w do not occur adjacent to rounded vowels. The two consonants which are palatal ɲ and j do not co-occur with the front vowels i or ɛ. The distribution of the sonorant-glottal clusters in Table 3-20 closely approximates the distribution of the sonorants without the glottal which were given in Table 3-5 and Table 3-10 above. The two sets are compared in Table 3-21. The cells which have attested examples are shaded, the co-occurrence which is very rare contains a diagonal bar. 149 Table 3-21 Comparison of ʔ-sonorant clusters and simple sonorants with oral vowels ʔ-Sonorant with oral vowels Simple Sonorant with oral vowels Cluster i ɛ a o u Consonant i ɛ a o u ʔm m ʔn n ʔɲ ɲ ʔw w ʔj j Table 3-21 reveals that there are no additional possibilities for co-occurrence that are allowed because the onset is a cluster instead of a simple phoneme. The glottal of the glottal-sonorant consonant does not license the co-occurrence of any vowels which do not occur with the simple consonants. The onsets with simple n and j are more widespread than those in which the sonorant is preceded by the glottal stop. Otherwise, the distribution pattern is almost identical. Just as nasal vowels never occur with simple sonorant consonants, they are likewise absent here. If the co-occurrence were enabled by the presence of the glottal we would expect to find at least some co-occurrence with nasal vowels. Unlike the obstruent-glottal stop clusters which were described above, it is clear that the presence of the glottal with the sonorant onset does not license the cluster to co-occur with vowels which did not occur with the simple onset. This difference in distributional patterns between the obstruent and sonorant glottal clusters indicates that the ordering of the phonemes in the onset is important. The glottal always precedes sonorant phonemes while it always follows obstruent phonemes. The restrictions on the vowels which can occur in the following nucleus reflect this ordering. When the glottal follows the phoneme, it is adjacent to the nucleus and additional vowel co-occurrences are licensed.

3.4.3.3 Clusters Containing Glottal Fricatives or Aspirated Consonants