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1. Action research is contextual, small-scale and localized. It identifies and investigates problems within a specific situation.
2. It is evaluating and reflective as it aims to bring about change and improvement in practice.
3. It is participatory as it provides for collaborative investigation by teams of colleagues, practitioners and researchers.
4. Changes in practice are based on the collection of information or data which provides the impetus of changes.
Based on several definitions stated by some experts, it can be concluded that action research is any systematic inquiry conducted by the participators in social
participants including education for evaluating the results of strategies tried out in practice.
D. The Model of Action Research
The model of classroom action research is this study is model by Kemmis and Mc Taggart in Burns, 1999: 32 who state that the model of action research is consist
of four steps in a spiraling process. There are as follows: 1. Planning
Here the researcher prepares everything that is needed in doing the action, for instance she prepares a lesson plan, the material that will be used in the
action, and she also prepares the evaluation material after conducting the action to give information whether or not the speaking improve.
2. Acting
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After preparing the lesson plan, the material and the evaluation, the researcher was implemented the plan. In this study the researcher will
implements card games in teaching speaking, the card games was doing in the group. She also give pretest, the material and the end of the study she
do the post test. 3. Observation
The researcher observes the effects of the critically informed action in the context in which it occurs. Beside that the researcher also makes the
observation sheet about the process in teaching learning process, 4. Reflecting
After doing the observation, the researcher continue to the next step namely reflection. In this step the researcher reflect how the teaching
learning process runs. The function of reflecting is to know the weaknesses and the strengths of the action. She also prepares the other
planning if the action was not improved the students’ speaking skill.
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The spiral model can be illustrated as follow:
Picture 3.1 Action Research Spiral Kemmis McTaggart
E. The Procedures of Action Research
Many experts find in action research. In this research, Natawidjaya’s model is used to act at the action research. It is clearly showed as follow:
1 Identifying the problem Before the researcher act the action the researcher must define the problem
found in the school. The problem found is that many students cannot speak English well. And they pronounce the word not correctly.
2 Overall Plan After knowing the problem to make a good teaching the researcher makes a
lesson plan, material, teaching aid, and tests are arranged and proposed.
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3 Action In this step the researcher was implemented the plan.
4 Reflection After doing the action the researcher will know whiling the action is
successful or not. In this step the researcher must found the other method that can be used if the action is not perfect.
The grade of accuracy and fluency is taken from criteria of assessment of speaking test Ur, 1996: 135 as follows:
Accuracy Score Fluency
Score
Little or no language produced
1 Little or no communication
1 Poor vocabulary, mistake
in basic grammar, may have very strong foreign
accent 2
Very hesitant and brief utterances, sometimes
difficult to understand 2
Adequate but not rich vocabulary, makes obvious
grammar mistake, slight foreign accent
3 Get ideas across, but
hesitantly and briefly 3
Good range of vocabulary, occasional grammar slips,
slight foreign accent 4 Effective
communication in
short turns 4
Wide vocabulary appropriately used,
victually no grammar mistakes, native-like or
slight foreign accent 5 Easy
and effective
communication, uses long turns
5
TOTAL SCORE: 1
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F. Technique of Collecting Data
