c. Translation is the abstract concept that encompasses both the process of
translating and the product of that process. According to it types, there are two types of translations as mentioned by
Larson. He classified translation into form based and meaning based translation. The first type attempts to follow the form of the SL, while the second type
attempts to communicate the meaning of SL. Form based translation is also called literal translation, and meaning based translation is called idiomatic translation.
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2. Types of Metaphor Translation
Metaphor down toning is a general rule in Dickins‟s approach devised to render Arabic metaphor into English. Dickins believes that not infrequently
Arabic metaphor appears too strong or too dense for equivalent forms of English writing and there is some needs to tone down the metaphors of the Arabic in
English.
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Here are the techniques mentioned by Dickin concerning metaphor translation from Arabic into English.
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2.1. Lexicalized Metaphor
2.1.1. Dead metaphor
In the matter of dead metaphor, Dickins sees that it can be ignored in translation. Furthermore, he suggests some techniques for dead metaphor
translation.
48
45
Mildred L. Larson, Penerjemahan Berdasarkan Makna. Penerjemah, Kencanawati Taniran Jakarta: Arcan, 1991, p. 16.
46
James dickin 158
47
Ibid. pp. 150-155
48
Ibid. p. 150
a
Sometimes, it can be translated with the different metaphor vehicle; for example, thus
vs hand of clock.
b It also can be translated by the same vehicle. The example is
into “at the hand” c
The other technique is by translating metaphor into non-
metaphorical term or translating into sense. For example, be translated as “he took to his bed in English, and
as he recovered from his illness. 2.1.2.
Stock Metaphor For Stock metaphor
Dickins adopts Newmak‟s approach, he suggests the following techniques:
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a A stock metaphor can be retained as a stock metaphor having the
same or nearly the same vehicle in the TL. Such as
witnessed. This is appropriate where the vehicle in the SL and
TL have roughly equal frequency within the register in question. b
A stock SL metaphor can be replaced with a stock TL metaphor having a different vehicle. Such as ”
as to hang
around.
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Ibid. p. 151
c A “stock SL metaphor can be converted to a TL simile, such as
“as if clothed in sadness.
d It can be also reduced to ground, but it will involves losing the
metaphor altogether, and the emotional effect associated with it. Such as
without feeling sleepy.
2.1.3. Recent metaphor
Dickins suggests that in the translation of recent metaphor into Arabic one is likely to reduce them to stock metaphors, or perhaps to
grounds. In translating into English, recent metaphors could be used where general requirements of register make them appropriate.
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2.2. Non-lexicalized Metaphor
Concerning the category of non-lexicalized metaphor, Dickins suggests techniques that vary according to whether or not the metaphor is
conventionalized or original metaphor. 2.2.1.
Conventionalized Metaphor For the non-lexicalized conventionalized metaphor, he puts forward
the following techniques:
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50
Ibid. p. 152
51
Ibid. pp. 152-153
a The
conventionalized metaphor can be retained as non lexicalized metaphor having the same or nearly the same vehicle
in TL , such as the invasion of electricity.
b The conventionalized metaphor can also “be replaced with a non-
lexicalized metaphor having a different vehicle, such as
the flames of which have not yet died out.
c Among the other techniques, it is appropriate to replace the non-
lexicalized metaphor with a stock metaphor in TL”; such as
flash point; “in this explosive
and unhappy region. This technique used for the case of metaphor does not have a strong emotional impact.
d If the source metaphor corresponds more or less directly to the
target metaphor, it can be translated by corresponding stock metaphor in English, with addition of the topic. Such as
whirlwind of violence. 2.2.2.
Original Metaphor Concerning original metaphor, Dickins believes that its translation
“by a stock metaphor in TL will destroy the sense of originality, and
therefore lessen the emotional force. It may be more appropriate to translate it by a non-lexicalized metaphor in TL having a different
vehicle. For that purpose, he suggests the following techniques
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. a
An SL metaphor can be converted to a simile, such as
making him feels like an old discarded sock. It can
be useful as it is appropriate to retain the ST vehicle. b
It can also be reduced to grounds, such as
the Arab people of Egypt feel
a strong affinity and deep affection. c
An original metaphor can also be retained in TL or translating with the same vehicle, but with the addition of the grounds on the
topic, such as “he has
been waiting for a long time for a woman to dawn over the desert of his life.
3. Procedures of Translation
