renders the word yadun Into hand, however this translation will show a problem
if English language does not have the same usage as the source language. There are many reasons
for studying the translation of the Holy Qur‟an. Omar Al Syahab stated that one of the compelling and gratifying reasons for
studying the translations of the Holy Quran is the fact that each translation bears witness to the conscious and determined effort of the translator.
7
It means that there is no general consensus on which translations of the meaning of the Holy
Quran are the closest or best. Each scholar may have his or her own reasons for preferring or rejecting a particular text.
The use of metaphor in the Holy Qur‟an and its translation in different language and with different translator is very interesting to be studied. By this
paper, of course the writer does not mean to decrease or increase the content of the Holy Qur‟an itself.
According to the explanation above, the writer interests to analyze the technique of metaphor translation in English translation of the Holy Quran
entitled
“ A Metaphor Translation of the Holy Qur‟an: A Comparative, Analytical Study”.
B. Focus of the Research
In this research, the writer limits the problem in order to make the research easier, clearer and focuses on the objective or the purpose of the study. The writer
observes some types of metaphor in the Holy Qur‟an and their English translation
7
Omar Sheikh AI- Shabab, “The Evolution of Translation Culture: Translating the Holy Quran into
French ”, Lang. Trans. Vol 15 2003, 72 1422, p. 21
techniques that are used by the four translators. The writer hopes this research will represent the whole metaphor translation techniques in the Holy Qur‟an.
C. Research Questions
According to the background above, the problems of the study are formulated as :
1. What English translations are made by the four translators to translate
the selected verses of the Holy Qur‟an? 2.
What types of metaphor are used in the selected verses? 3.
How do the four translators translate the metaphor in the selected verses into English?
D. Significances of the Research
The result of the study is expected to have two benefits: 1.
Theoretically a
The result will show the clear description about metaphor translation in English translation of the Holy Qur‟an.
b The study adds some literary insight in translating metaphor,
especially in translating the Holy Qur‟an.
2. Practically
a The result of this research will be used by other researcher as one of
references of the study b
This research improves reader‟s knowledge of understanding
metaphor and its meaning in English translation of the Holy Qur‟an.
E. Research Methodology
1. Objectives of the Research
Based on the problem statements mentioned above, the objective of the study is to know the English translation of metaphors in the Holy
Qur‟an, the types of metaphor and the Techniques of translations used.
2. Research Method
This research uses a qualitative descriptive method. It describes some problems of using metaphor in
the Holy Qur‟an and describes the collected data as well as analysis.
3. The Technique of Data Analysis
In this research, the writer uses descriptive analysis technique. The writer will explore some m
etaphors in the Holy Qur‟an which are translated by selected translators. When the data are complete, the writer
will start an analysis with the context or an explanation of the verse or part of it, and any contextual information necessary for understanding the
verse, and then the writer will identify the types of metaphor which contains of the substitution involved and metaphor identification. The last
analysis is about the comparisson among the results of the four translators, in this case the writer will compare and observe the four translations to
find the technique of translation.
4. Research Instrument
The instrument in this research is the writer himself, as the subject of the research by reading and selecting the metaphorical words from the
Holy Qur‟an and reading other references that support to analyze the proposed data.
5. The Unit of Analysis
The analysis units of this research are: A.
The Holy Qur‟an: Text, Translation and Commentary translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
B. Meaning of the Holy Qur‟an by Marmaduke Pickthall
C. Translation of the meaning of the Noble Qur‟an in English
language by Muhammad Taqi-udin Al-Hilali and Muhammad Muhsin Khan
D. The message of the Quran translated and explained by
Muhammad Asad
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Metaphor
1. Some Views on Metaphor
Metaphor has been viewed as the most important form of figurative language use.
8
Metaphor has been regarded as a special phenomenon of language since the term was coined in ancient Greece.
9
As described in the background of the research, the term of metaphor comes from Greek metapherin.
10
Furthermore, Gillian Lazar explains metaphor involves
“a carrying a cross of meaning from one object to another and identification is made between two apparently dissimilar
things, so that some of the characteristics of the one are carried over to the other
.”
11
John I Saeed also stated that metaphor is “like simile that involves the
identification of resemblances, but metaphor goes further causing transference, where properties are transferred from one concept to another.
”
12
The other definition is explained by Dickin, he explained that m
etaphor is “a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used in a non basic-sense and it is suggesting
a likeness or analogy with another more basic of the same word or phrase”.
13
8
John I. Saade, Semantic London: Blackwell Publishing, 2003, p. 245
9
Miriam Taverniers, Metaphor:Handbook of Pragmatics, ed. Jef Verschueren, et al. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002, p. 1
10
See Chapter I page 2
11
Gillian Lazar, Meaning and Metaphor Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 2003, p. 1
12
John I. Saeed 2003, loc. cit.
13
James Dickin, et al., Thinking Arabic Transaltion New york: Routladge, 2005, p. 147
Metaphor is using language that refers to something other than it original or what it „literally‟ means, in order to suggest some resemblance or make a connection
between the two things.
14
Max Black stated that every metaphor might be said as “an analogy or structural correspondence, the correct insight behind the classical
comparison view of metaphor as elliptical or truncated simile”.
15
According to Searle, metaphors represent a class of linguistic expression that says one thing and
means another thing.
16
There is considerable debate on the definition of metaphor. In his book, Newmark stated that metaphor consists of any figurative expression.
17
Or it can be said that any figurative language is metaphor and it is not only a kind of figurative
language. Frans Sayogie also noted that in the world of translation any types of figurative language can be classified as a metaphor, this due to the basic
characteristic of figurative language which transfers the feature of one object to other.
18
Then, he reafirmed that some definiton of simile, metonymy and personification can obscure the real definition of metaphor.
19
Based on those definitions and explanations, metaphor in linguistic device stands for conveyance of some kind of change, where one word or phrase used in
term of another. More simply, it means using one thing to describe another thing. Therefore, metaphor in this paper include its extensive definition.
14
Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon, Introducing Metaphor New York: Routledge, 2005, p. 3
15
Andrew Ortony, Metaphor and Though, ed. Andrew Ortony Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p.30
16
Ibid. p. 85
17
Peter Newmark 1988, op.cit. 104.
18
Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri, 2009, p. 224
19
Ibid. p. 223
Metaphor is pervasive in language, and there are two principal ways which make it important:
20
a. First, in relation to individual words: metaphor is a basic process in the
formation of words and word meanings. Concepts and meanings are lexicalized, or expressed in words, through metaphor.
b. Second, in relation to discourse: metaphor is important because of its
functions to give explaining, clarifying, describing, expressing, evaluating and entertaining. There are many reasons why we use
metaphors in speech or writing: not least, because there is sometimes no other word to refer to a particular thing.
2. The Components of Metaphor
In linguistic view of metaphor there are three components those form a
metaphor. Both components are topic, vehicle and ground. The topic is the entity
referred to, and the vehicle is the notion to which this entity being compared. The respect in which this comparison is being made called the ground.
21
Knowles and Moon also identify these three components, they stated that metaphor consists of
the metaphor a word, phrase, or longer stretch of language; its meaning what
it refers to metaphorically; and the similarity or connection between the two. These three components have been referred to as vehicle, topic and ground.
22
In
I.A Richard‟s terminology, the term of topic is called tenor.
23
He was the first to
extend the two ideas active together in metaphor, and both are tenor and vehicle.
20
Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon 2005, op.cit. 4.
21
James Dickin 2005, op.cit. p. 148
22
Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon 2005, op.cit. 7
23
John I. Saeed 2003, op.cit. p. 246
The latter is “the idea conveyed by the literal meanings of the word used metaphorically,” and the former is “the idea conveyed by the vehicle”.
24
The example of these three notions is “Hamzah is a lion‟. Lion is vehicle or metaphor, where the tenor or meaning, for example Hamzah who is a brave
person, and the ground or connection is the respect in which Hamzah is a brave person like a lion. This approach is useful for translation distinguishes.
3. Understanding Metaphor
According to many definitions of metaphor, there is a question of how metaphorical meaning arises and it is understood in linguistic communication. In
this paper, the writer will consider two types of theories in understanding metaphor.
25
a. The Substitution
It is the first approach of linguistic view, the same terminology of it is transferring. This refers to the etymological meaning of the word metaphor
itself. In compound words, the Greek prefix meta often conveys an idea of change, and phor is from a Greek verb pherein
„to carry, bear‟. The process of understanding metaphor consists of recognizing that a particular word or
expression is polysemous and being used with a secondary metaphorical
meaning, rather than its literal meaning. This secondary meaning substitutes
for another word or expression with a literal meaning
26
. According to this view, a metaphor is used in the place of a literal statement that would have an
24
Antonio Alvarez, “On Translating Metaphor”, Translators’ Journal. Vol. 38 1993, 21 January 2011. www. erudit. org. p. 481
25
Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon 2005, op.cit. pp. 51-52
26
Ibid. p. 51
equivalent meaning. The example “Hamzah is lion” means “Hamzah is brave”. The
other example is such as “We used to thrash all the teams in the premier
league. We had a great squad and no one could touch us. The metaphorical meaning of thrash
substitutes for a more literal word such as „defeat‟: thrash has another, literal, meaning, „hit‟. This can be expressed more schematically
in the illustration below:
27
Word A: Has literal meaning A
Word B: Has literal meaning B1
Has metaphorical meaning B2
Metaphor: B2 is substituted for A
b. The Comparison
This next view of metaphor is not much different than the first. When a metaphor is used, it implies a similarity between the topic and vehicle of the
metaphor. It holds that “a metaphor consists of the underlying analogy or
similarity” or that the vehicle is like the tenor. The literal equivalent of the
metaphor, “Hamzah is a lion” would be “Hamzah is like a lion in being
brave.” This can be expressed schematically as:
28
Word A: Has literal meaning A
Word B: Has literal meaning B
Metaphor:
A is like B
27
Ibid. p. 52
28
Ibid
4. Types of Metaphor
There are many type of metaphor classified by western linguists. In this paper, the writer will use the concept of Dickin in his book Thinking Arabic
Translation. In his book, Dickin divides metaphor into lexicalized and non- lexicalized metaphor.
29
Lexicalized metaphors are uses of language which are recognizably metaphorical, but which are included as sense of words in
dictionaries.
30
The example of this type is the word “rat” is a person who deserts
his friend in trouble. Furthermore, he distinguishes three types of lexicalized metaphor, they are:
31
a. A dead metaphor is one which does not normally even realize as a
metaphor and has been literalized into everyday items of langauge, for example “hand of clock”. According to Newmark, a dead metaphor is
“where one is hardly conscious of the image”. This kind of metaphor frequently is the universal terms used to describe space and time such as
field, line, top, bottom, foot, mouth, arm and so on.
32
b. Stock metaphor is one that is used widely as an idiom, as in “mother
tongue” Newmark defines stock or standard metaphor: as “an established metaphor which is in an informal context is an efficient and
concise method of covering a physical andor mental situation both referentially and pragmatically.
”
33
29
James Dickin 2005, op.cit. p. 147
30
Ibid
31
Ibid. p. 149
32
Peter Newmark 1988, op. cit. p. 106
33
Ibid. p. 108
c. Recent metaphor is metaphorical neologism, as stated by Newmark is
often “anonymously.”
34
The example of this type is the word “download.”
Other type of metaphor is non-lexicalized metaphor, it may be similarly crudely or the metaphorical meaning is not clearly but will vary from context to context, and
has to be worked out by the reader on particular occasions. An example of a non- lexicalized metaphor is a tree in A man is a tree. The reader might conclude
that A man is a tree is roughly equivalent to saying that A man is like a tree in that only a certain proportion is apparent in the case of the tree: the trunk,
branches and leaves, while much remains hidden in the case of the tree: the extensive root system.
This type of metaphor consists of two kinds, both are conventional and original metaphor.
35
a. Conventional metaphor is metaphor which is not lexicalized, and does
not available in dictionary, but it draws on either cultural or linguistic convention. For example, English makes a large concept of argument is
war, which includes “battle of wits”, “attack an opponent”. b.
Original metaphor is a metaphor which is not simply relatable to existing linguistic or cultural convention. It is difficult to interpret, and
it is necessary to establish the ground from the context. In many cases this will be ambiguous. The examples of it is like Tom is a tree, quoted
34
Ibid. p. 111
35
James Dickin 2005, op.cit, p.149
above. Because it is not simply relatable to existing linguistic or cultural conventions
The lexicalized and non-lexicalized metaphors have many distinctions, especially about the vehicle and the ground or the sense of the metaphor. Here is
the summary of the differences between lexicalized and non-lexicalized metaphor. Table 1: The comparison between lexicalized and non-lexicalized metaphor.
36
Lexicalized metaphor Non lexicalized metaphor
Vehicle Is denotative,
Providing basic definition as likeness relationship
Is connotative, suggesting that there is a likeness relationship
Ground Are sub denotative, further
defining nature of likeness relationship
Are not properly operative, secondary sense function as equivalent to ground
It is clear from the above presentation that Dickins‟s approach reflects the lexicological scale in which the dictionary has a decisive role to make a clear cut
between the two categories, and this approach will be used in this research.
5. Metaphor and Metonymy
Metonymy is important in relation to the study of metaphor. Same as metaphor, metonymy is an important kind of non-literal language. It involves
part-and-whole relations and associations. The word for a part of something is used to refer to the whole, or else the whole is referred to in terms of something
36
Anonymous, “Two Model for Metaphor Translation”, Paper Based on Chapter Eleven of
Thinking Arabic Translation 2004, June 07, 2004. http:usir.salford.ac.uk1343
, p. 12
associated with it.
37
Alice Deignan and Liz Potter mentioned in his journal and stated that “metonymy is generally understood as a transference within a single
semantic field rather than two fields, the metonymy being one aspect of an entity which is used to refer to its whole
.”
38
A word sometimes can stand for both metaphor and metonymy. Some of these interaction can be expressed as metonymy within metaphor, where „„a
metonymically used entity is embedded within a complex metaphorical expression‟‟.
39
The example of this is the expression “bite one‟s tongue off”. Here the tongue is used metonymically to stand for speech, and the expression as a
whole is used metaphorically to mean „deprive oneself of the facility of speech‟.
The difference can also be seen by comparing the use of head in sixty head of cattle
and the head of the organization. The first is a metonym where
whole cattle are referred to their a body part. Heads and cattle are part of the same entity. The second is a metaphor, relating to a metaphorical analogy between an
organization and a body: organizations and bodies are separate kinds of entity.
40
It
is possible to say the head of an organization „is like‟ the head of a body, but it
would be meaningless to say
heads of cattle „are like‟ cattle: rather, we would simply say
heads of cattle „stand for‟ cattle. B.
Translation
1. The Definiton of Translation
37
Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon 2005, op. cit. p. 6.
38
Alice Deignan and Lizz Potter, “A Corpus Study of Metaphors and Metonyms in English and
Italian ”, Journal of Pragmatics, Vol 36 2004, October 8, 2003, p. 1242.
39
Ibid
40
Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon 2005, op. cit. p. 40
The term of translation has several meanings; it can refer to the general subject field, the product or the process. The process of translation between two
different languages involves the translator changing an original the source.
41
Nida and Taber stated that “ translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in
terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.
42
Roman Jakobson described three categories of translation as follows:
43
a. Intralingual translation or rewording; an interpretation of verbal signs
by means of other signs of the same language b.
Interlingual translation, or translation proper; an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language
c. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation; an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system. Bell recognizes the distinction between translation as process, product, and
concept:
44
a. Translating is the process to translate; the activity rather than the
tangible object. b.
A translation is the product of the process of translating i.e. the translated text.
41
Jeremy Munday, Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications New York: Routledge, 2001, p. 4
42
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation Leiden: E.J Brill, 1982, p. 12
43
Jeremy Munday 2001, op. cit. p. 5
44
Anna Trosborg, “Translation Studies: Some Recent Developments”, Journal of Linguistics, No. 12 1994. http:download2.hermes.asb.dkarchivedownloadH12, p. 10
c. Translation is the abstract concept that encompasses both the process of
translating and the product of that process. According to it types, there are two types of translations as mentioned by
Larson. He classified translation into form based and meaning based translation. The first type attempts to follow the form of the SL, while the second type
attempts to communicate the meaning of SL. Form based translation is also called literal translation, and meaning based translation is called idiomatic translation.
45
2. Types of Metaphor Translation
Metaphor down toning is a general rule in Dickins‟s approach devised to render Arabic metaphor into English. Dickins believes that not infrequently
Arabic metaphor appears too strong or too dense for equivalent forms of English writing and there is some needs to tone down the metaphors of the Arabic in
English.
46
Here are the techniques mentioned by Dickin concerning metaphor translation from Arabic into English.
47
2.1. Lexicalized Metaphor
2.1.1. Dead metaphor
In the matter of dead metaphor, Dickins sees that it can be ignored in translation. Furthermore, he suggests some techniques for dead metaphor
translation.
48
45
Mildred L. Larson, Penerjemahan Berdasarkan Makna. Penerjemah, Kencanawati Taniran Jakarta: Arcan, 1991, p. 16.
46
James dickin 158
47
Ibid. pp. 150-155
48
Ibid. p. 150
a
Sometimes, it can be translated with the different metaphor vehicle; for example, thus
vs hand of clock.
b It also can be translated by the same vehicle. The example is
into “at the hand” c
The other technique is by translating metaphor into non-
metaphorical term or translating into sense. For example, be translated as “he took to his bed in English, and
as he recovered from his illness. 2.1.2.
Stock Metaphor For Stock metaphor
Dickins adopts Newmak‟s approach, he suggests the following techniques:
49
a A stock metaphor can be retained as a stock metaphor having the
same or nearly the same vehicle in the TL. Such as
witnessed. This is appropriate where the vehicle in the SL and
TL have roughly equal frequency within the register in question. b
A stock SL metaphor can be replaced with a stock TL metaphor having a different vehicle. Such as ”
as to hang
around.
49
Ibid. p. 151
c A “stock SL metaphor can be converted to a TL simile, such as
“as if clothed in sadness.
d It can be also reduced to ground, but it will involves losing the
metaphor altogether, and the emotional effect associated with it. Such as
without feeling sleepy.
2.1.3. Recent metaphor
Dickins suggests that in the translation of recent metaphor into Arabic one is likely to reduce them to stock metaphors, or perhaps to
grounds. In translating into English, recent metaphors could be used where general requirements of register make them appropriate.
50
2.2. Non-lexicalized Metaphor
Concerning the category of non-lexicalized metaphor, Dickins suggests techniques that vary according to whether or not the metaphor is
conventionalized or original metaphor. 2.2.1.
Conventionalized Metaphor For the non-lexicalized conventionalized metaphor, he puts forward
the following techniques:
51
50
Ibid. p. 152
51
Ibid. pp. 152-153
a The
conventionalized metaphor can be retained as non lexicalized metaphor having the same or nearly the same vehicle
in TL , such as the invasion of electricity.
b The conventionalized metaphor can also “be replaced with a non-
lexicalized metaphor having a different vehicle, such as
the flames of which have not yet died out.
c Among the other techniques, it is appropriate to replace the non-
lexicalized metaphor with a stock metaphor in TL”; such as
flash point; “in this explosive
and unhappy region. This technique used for the case of metaphor does not have a strong emotional impact.
d If the source metaphor corresponds more or less directly to the
target metaphor, it can be translated by corresponding stock metaphor in English, with addition of the topic. Such as
whirlwind of violence. 2.2.2.
Original Metaphor Concerning original metaphor, Dickins believes that its translation
“by a stock metaphor in TL will destroy the sense of originality, and
therefore lessen the emotional force. It may be more appropriate to translate it by a non-lexicalized metaphor in TL having a different
vehicle. For that purpose, he suggests the following techniques
52
. a
An SL metaphor can be converted to a simile, such as
making him feels like an old discarded sock. It can
be useful as it is appropriate to retain the ST vehicle. b
It can also be reduced to grounds, such as
the Arab people of Egypt feel
a strong affinity and deep affection. c
An original metaphor can also be retained in TL or translating with the same vehicle, but with the addition of the grounds on the
topic, such as “he has
been waiting for a long time for a woman to dawn over the desert of his life.
3. Procedures of Translation
Vinay and darbelnet carried out seven procedures in translation. Although it based solely on French and English, but its influence has been much wider. The
two general translation strategies identified by Vinay and Darbelnet are “direct
52
Ibid. pp. 154-155
translation” and “oblique translation”, which refer to the literal and free translation. The two strategies comprise seven procedures, of which direct
translation covers three:
53
1. Borrowing;
SL word is transferred directly to TL. Sometimes
borrowings are employed to add local color. The source-language form is taken into the target language, usually because the latter has a gap in
its lexicon, although the technique can be used for other reasons. 2.
Calque: this is a special kind of borrowing, where SL expression or
structure is transferred in a literal translation 3.
Literal translation: this is word for word translation, which Vinay and Darbelnet as being most common between language of the same family
and culture. The translator may judge the literal translation to be unacceptable because it:
a. It give a different meaning
b. It has no meaning
c. It Is impossible for structural reason
d. Does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic
experience of TL
e. It corresponds to something at a different level of language
4. Transposition: this is a change of one part of speech for another without
changing the sense. Transposition is the most common structural change undertaken by translators. Obligation and optional
53
Jeremy Munday 2001, op. cit. pp. 56-58
5.
Modulation: this changes the semantics and point of view of SL. The
use of modulation, which requires extensive knowledge of the target language, is far less obvious and more risky.
6. Equivalence: where language describes the same situation by different
stylistic or structural means. Equivalence is particularly useful in translating idioms and proverb.
7. Adaptation: this involves changing the cultural reference when a
situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture. Although Vinay and Darbelnet do not use the term shift in discussing
translation shift, that is in effect what they are describing. Catford considers two kinds of shift a level shift and category shift:
1. Level shift: SL and TL have a translation equivalent at a different level.
It would be something which expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another.
54
2. Category shift: It departures from formal correspondence in translation.
It can be classified into four types:
55
a. Structural shift: form of shift that involve mostly gramatical structure
b. Class shift: these comprise shift from one part of speech to another
c. Unit shift or rank shift: these are the shift where the translation
equivalent in TL is at different rank to SL
54
J.C Catford, A linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics London: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 73
55
Ibid. pp. 76-79
d.
Intra system shift: This shift take place when SL and TL possess
approximately corresponding system, but where the translation
involves selection of non-corresponding term in TL system. 4.
Translation of the Holy Qur‟an
Translating Qu‟anic Arabic into English poses many interpretational problems. Many English Quranic translations have been widely criticized for their
inability to capture the meaning of the words and metaphors found in it. Translation of the Holy Quran means the expression of the meaning of its text in
different language from the language of the Holy Qur‟an, in order that those not familiar with it may know about it,
and understand Allah‟s guidance and will.
56
In other word, it presents the massage of Islam to non-Muslim and to invite them to
ponder over the Holy Qur‟an and to point out to Muslim the revealed guidance and will of Allah to be observed by them.
57
It also helps to present the universal message of Islam to all sections of humanity.
58
There is agreement among Muslim scholars that it is impossible to transfer the original Qur‟an word by word into another language. This is due to several
reasons:
59
a Word of different language do not express all the shades of meaning of
their counterparts, though they may express specific concepts.
56
Ahmad Von Denffer , Ulumul Qur’an : An Introduction to the Science of the Qur’an Leicester
: The Islamic Foundation, 1996, p. 142
57
Ibid
58
Thamem Ushama, Methodologies of the Qur’anic Exegesis Kuala Lumpur: A.S Noordeen,
1995, p. 130
59
Ibid. pp. 144
b The narrowing down the meaning of the Holy Qur‟an to specific
concept in a foreign language would mean missing out other important dimensions.
c The presentation of the Holy Qur‟an in different language would
therefore result in confusion and misguidance. Muslim scholars have traditionally rejected the translation of the Holy
Qur‟an. Only exegetical translation is allowed. It is translation basesd on commentary and explication of the Qur‟anic text.
60
Without translation of the Holy Qur‟an, there is no way of effective religious proselytizing, either non-
Muslim or to Muslim themselves since those familiar with the language of the Holy Qur‟an are few number, and the vast majority of people have no opportunity
to become acquainted with the meaning of the Holy Qur‟an unless, it be rendered into their mother tongue. Here some condition which need to translate:
61
a The translation must be done by someone with the correct belief, i.e. by
a Muslim. b
The translation must be done by someone with adequate knowledge of both the language of the Holy Qur‟an and the language for the
translation. c
The translation must be done by someone well acquainted with the related science, such as hadith,tafsir, etc.
60
Said Faiq, Cultural Encounters in Translation from Arabic, ed. Said Faiq London : Cromwell Press, 2004, p. 92
61
Thamem Ushama 1995, op.cit. p. 131
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
The aim of this research is to find how metaphors in the Holy Qur‟an are translated into English language. In this research, the writer does not take the
whole metaphor in the Holy Qur‟an. The writer chooses some identified metaphor words in some verses of
the Holy Qur‟an which have the same lexical, but they have a different meaning of interpretation. Those words or lexicals are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
And these are the following chapters which contain of those lexicals:
62
1. Chapter ash-Shuaraa 84
And grant me an honorable mention in later generations. p. 494 2.
Chapter Ibrahim 4
And We sent not a Messenger except with the language of his people, in order that he might make the Message clear for them. Then
Allah misleads whom He wills and guides whom He wills. And He is the All-Mighty, the All-Wise. p.328
3. Chapter Aal-Imraan 7
It is He Who has sent down to you Muhammad [sal-Allahu alayhi wa sallam] the Book this Quran. In it are Verses that are entirely
clear, they are the foundations of the Book [and those are the Verses of Al-Ahkam commandments, Al-Faraid obligatory duties and Al-Hudud
laws for the punishment of thieves, adulterers]; and others not entirely clear. p. 68
62
The meanings of these verses are taken from “Translation of the Meaning of the Noble Qur’an
in the English Language” by Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al Hilali and Muhammad Muhsin Khan.
4. Chapter al- Qosos 59
And never will your Lord destroy the towns populations until He sends to their mother town a Messenger reciting to them Our Verses. And
never would We destroy the towns unless the people thereof are Zalimun polytheists, wrong doers, disbelievers in the Oneness of Allah,
oppressors and tyrants. p. 524 5.
Chapter al-Baqarah 187
It is made lawful for you to have sexual relations with your wives on the night of As-Saum the fasts. They are Libas [i.e. body-cover, or
screen, or Sakan i.e. you enjoy the pleasure of living with them – as in
Verse 7:189 Tafsir At-Tabari] for you and you are the same for them. p. 38
6. Chapter al-Furqaan 47
And it is He Who makes the night a covering for you, and the sleep as a repose, and makes the day Nushur i.e. getting up and going about
here and there for daily work, after ones sleep at night or like resurrection after ones death. p. 484
7. Chapter al-Baqarah 223
Your wives are a tilth for you, so go to your tilth, when or how you will, and send good deeds, or ask Allah to bestow upon you pious
offspring for your own selves beforehand. And fear Allah, and know that you are to meet Him in the Hereafter, and give good tidings to the
believers O Muhammad [sal-Allahu alayhi wa sallam].p.48 8.
Chapter ash-Shooraa 20
Whosoever desires by his deeds the reward of the Hereafter, We give him increase in his reward, and whosoever desires the reward of this
world by his deeds, We give him thereof what is decreed for him, and he has no portion in the Hereafter.p. 654
9. Chapter al Imron 112
And hold fast, all of you together, to the Rope of Allah i.e. this Quran, and be not divided among yourselves, and remember Allahs
Favor on you, for you were enemies one to another but He joined your hearts together, so that, by His Grace, you became brethren in Islamic
Faith. p. 88 10.
Chapter al Imron 112
Indignity is put over them wherever they may be, except when under a covenant of protection from Allah, and a covenant from men
p.89.
B. Data Analysis
