The latter is “the idea conveyed by the literal meanings of the word used metaphorically,” and the former is “the idea conveyed by the vehicle”.
24
The example of these three notions is “Hamzah is a lion‟. Lion is vehicle or metaphor, where the tenor or meaning, for example Hamzah who is a brave
person, and the ground or connection is the respect in which Hamzah is a brave person like a lion. This approach is useful for translation distinguishes.
3. Understanding Metaphor
According to many definitions of metaphor, there is a question of how metaphorical meaning arises and it is understood in linguistic communication. In
this paper, the writer will consider two types of theories in understanding metaphor.
25
a. The Substitution
It is the first approach of linguistic view, the same terminology of it is transferring. This refers to the etymological meaning of the word metaphor
itself. In compound words, the Greek prefix meta often conveys an idea of change, and phor is from a Greek verb pherein
„to carry, bear‟. The process of understanding metaphor consists of recognizing that a particular word or
expression is polysemous and being used with a secondary metaphorical
meaning, rather than its literal meaning. This secondary meaning substitutes
for another word or expression with a literal meaning
26
. According to this view, a metaphor is used in the place of a literal statement that would have an
24
Antonio Alvarez, “On Translating Metaphor”, Translators’ Journal. Vol. 38 1993, 21 January 2011. www. erudit. org. p. 481
25
Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon 2005, op.cit. pp. 51-52
26
Ibid. p. 51
equivalent meaning. The example “Hamzah is lion” means “Hamzah is brave”. The
other example is such as “We used to thrash all the teams in the premier
league. We had a great squad and no one could touch us. The metaphorical meaning of thrash
substitutes for a more literal word such as „defeat‟: thrash has another, literal, meaning, „hit‟. This can be expressed more schematically
in the illustration below:
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Word A: Has literal meaning A
Word B: Has literal meaning B1
Has metaphorical meaning B2
Metaphor: B2 is substituted for A
b. The Comparison
This next view of metaphor is not much different than the first. When a metaphor is used, it implies a similarity between the topic and vehicle of the
metaphor. It holds that “a metaphor consists of the underlying analogy or
similarity” or that the vehicle is like the tenor. The literal equivalent of the
metaphor, “Hamzah is a lion” would be “Hamzah is like a lion in being
brave.” This can be expressed schematically as:
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Word A: Has literal meaning A
Word B: Has literal meaning B
Metaphor:
A is like B
27
Ibid. p. 52
28
Ibid
4. Types of Metaphor
