of the suffix to an adjectival form and not all words ending in –ly are adverbs, such
as friendly, lovely, and leisurely. Fourth is fixed phrase. These phrases are invariant in form, and the component words rarely retain their independent meaning, e.g. of
course, kind of, and at last.
2. Grammatical Function of Adverbial as Adjunct
Quirk divides the grammatical functions of adverbials into four main divisions. They are Adjunct, Subjunct, Disjunct, and Conjunct 1985: 503.
However, this study focuses more on adjunct because most data found in the story are in adjunct form.
In sentences, adjuncts resemble other sentence elements, such as Subject, Object, and Complement Quirk, 1985: 504. Adjunct can also be the focus of a
cleft sentence. Generally, adverbs as adjuncts have more freedom of position in a clause than other elements. Adjunct is divided into two subcategories: Predication
Obligatory and Optional and Sentence. Adjuncts also have grammatical realization of their sematic roles. They are as follows:
i. Adjunct of Space
Adjunct of space has two groups related to space or place which are Position and Direction 1985: 514. In short, it deals with locations and positions of
something. Explanation of Position in, on, at or Direction there, here, ahead will complete verbs like live, be, bring, take, and put which take obligatory predication
adjuncts. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii. Adjunct of Time
Adjunct of time is the adverb that explains any matter related to time. The aspects explained by adjunct of time are position, durationspan, and frequency
1985: 526. Adjunct of time-position usually uses prepositional phrase or noun phrase, e.g. in 2000,
at 10 o’clock. Prepositional phrases help to distinguish the narrowness or broadness of the time ‘location’. Further, it is divided into two modes
of orientation. First, it denotes a point or period of time, e.g. now ‘at this time’ and
simultaneously ‘at the same time’. Second, it gives additional implication to another
period of time, e.g. later ‘afterward’ and eventually ‘in the end’.
Adjuncts of span and duration are the adverbs that give explanation related to time as linear dimension. All adjuncts of time have an orientation to the speaker’s
‘now’ the primary concern to the speakerwriter within a given context, the one referring to a span in the past, the other to one in the future. Thus, there are three
types of this adjunct. They are Forward Span e.g. until, till, Backward Span e.g. since, lately, and Duration Adjunct. Duration Adjunct is divided into Definite
Frequency and Indefinite Frequency. Definite Frequency is the times by which frequency can be measured, while Indefinite Frequency is the opposite. It cannot be
measured. Definite Frequency is divided into two, they are Period Frequency e.g. weekly, daily, annually and Occasion Frequency e.g. twice, once. Indefinite
Frequency has Usual Occurrence e.g. commonly, usually, Continuous e.g. always, High Frequency e.g. frequently, often, and Low Frequency e.g. seldom,
rarely. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
