The Settings of Events

happiness is pursued for the sake of the others, e.g. when the officers arrested the killer, it makes not only the officers happy, but also the neighbor who reported the case. If there is more than one happy individual, then social happiness is achieved. In the story both kind of goals exist. In The Tell-Tale Heart, some characters also have their own goals. The first character is the main character in the story that is the narrator. He used I- narrator in telling his story. It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain; but once conceived, it haunted me day and night. Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye yes, it was this He had the eye of a vulture --a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees - - very gradually – I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever. p. 277 From the adjunct of purpose above, it is clear that the narrator was disturbed by the eye and the only way to free from it was by killing the old man. This is a personal goal because the narrator wanted to achieve his goal for himself. The statement of the goal is mentioned by the narrator, which is also the character, it increases the anticipation of the reader. It creates the expectation on the reader whether the narrator would successfully kill the old man or not. This is the main point of adjunct of process, increasing the expectation of the story plot. Another character that has goal in the story is the officers. The goal of the officers is the opposite of the narrator. It can be said that the officers’ goal is the anti-climax for the narrator. When I had made an end of these labors, it was four oclock --still dark as midnight. As the bell sounded the hour, there came a knocking at the street door. I went down to open it with a light heart, --for what had I now to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI fear? There entered three men, who introduced themselves, with perfect suavity, as officers of the police. A shriek had been heard by a neighbor during the night; suspicion of foul play had been aroused; information had been lodged at the police office, and they the officers had been deputed to search the premises. p. 280 The adjunct to search the premises is the goal of the officers. They were asked to find clues about the report from the neighbor. This is a social goal. The officers wanted to achieve the goal for someone’s else good, in the story that is the neighbor . The goal is to counter the narrator’s action. This adjunct is also significant to develop the complexity of the story. Without the offic ers’ goal and action, the story would be boring because there would be no anti- hero. The officers’ goal also adds the expectation to the reader about “Will they capture the culprit?” or “how they will arrest the narrator”. In order to achieve a goal, a certain action has to be done. Van Dijk points out that “an analysis of action sequences requires a concept of SUCCESSFULNESS, and an action is FULLY SUCCESSFUL if the final result of the action is identical with the purpose” 1977: 175. It means in a story, a completed purpose has a certain degree of accomplishment, and if a character did his action and met his expectation, it is called fully successful. In sentence 30, it shows that the narrator’s purpose was to kill the old man, and he did it. Thus, it is a fully successful action. … His fears had been ever since growing upon him. He had been trying to fancy them causeless, but could not. He had been saying to himself --It is nothing but the wind in the chimney --it is only a mouse crossing the floor, or It is merely a cricket which has made a single chirp. Yes, he had been trying to comfort himself with these suppositions: but he had found all in vain … p. 279 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI The example above is the opposite of the previous. The adjunct shows that the old man wanted to comfort himself, but it was futile. When the action was conducted and the result did not meet the purpose, thus it is an unsuccessful action. Adjunct of purpose in The Tell-Tale Heart can give significant effect to the reader. The effect is to increase the anticipation of the story plot. It describes what the characters want to achieve in the story. Contrast goals between two characters usually are the things that make a story interesting. Additionally, it leads to the readers’ presumption about how the story will flow. Thus, if the adjuncts are success in inviting the reader to make expectation, then the story plot will be easy to be followed by anyone.

3. Character’s Mood

There are some character’s moods in the story that can be observed from the adjunct used by the author. One of the characters is the narrator. The author may not write as himself in his story, but he can act as other person or even just act as an observer. Poe uses I-narrator to tell about his story. It is used to distinguish between him and the narrator in his work. Leech states the I-narrator as a primary character creates a personal relationship with the reader which tends to bias the reader in favor of the narratorcharacter 1981: 265. It means that the source could be not reliable. The narrator in The Tell-Tale Heart is an unreliable narrator. It is because he is telling the whole story himself without any objective narration to back up his statements. All of his statements are said from his own perspective which makes PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI the reliability is questionable. However, still it is worthwhile to study his mood from his own perspective by observing the adjunct that he used. …I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? Hearken and observe how healthily -- how calmly I can tell you the whole story. p. 277 There are two adjuncts of process in the first paragraph describing that he was not mad, which are healthily and calmly. Both are explaining that he was fine and not disturbed by anything. They invite the reader to believe that his mood was calm when telling his story. They could be more convincing if they are stated by a third person. After the beginning of the story, the narrator shows another mood by his manner. When he was stalking the old man, some adjunct of process are mentioned in the story. Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded --with what caution --with what foresight --with what dissimulation I went to work I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him. And every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it --oh so gently And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out, and then I thrust in my head. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in I moved it slowly --very, very slowly, so that I might not disturb the old mans sleep. It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon his bed. Ha --would a madman have been so wise as this? And then, when my head was well in the room, I undid the lantern cautiously --oh, so cautiously --cautiously for the hinges creaked --I undid it just so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long nights --every night just at midnight --but I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye. And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into the chamber, and spoke courageously to him, calling him PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI