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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
The previous study of adverb is conducted by Jonathan Irene Sartika Dewi 2011. Her study is about adverbs ending with
–ly modifying verbs of speaking in a literary work. She studied how the distribution of adverbs ending with
–ly modify verbs of speaking and their significances in a novel titled Confession of a
Shopaholic. The findings of analysis include position, grammatical function, and semantic roles. The result of her research is that the significance of adverbs ending
with –ly modifying verbs can be seen in terms of developing the elements in the
story. They are character’s personalization, character’s expression and tone in speaker, characters’ manner management in speaking. Another significance can be
found through the reader’s emotion engagement to the story from major character point of view.
Another study of adverb is conducted by Thomas Ernst 2003. This study discusses the distribution of adverbs based on their semantic properties. He uses his
own sentences as examples as the data. This study discusses the distribution of adverb that depends subtly on lexicosemantic properties. The distribution is related
to the semantic property. It may have a high degree of indeterminacy and context- dependence. Thus, not all adverbs can adjoin to the right in functional projection,
while other adverbs may. However, the distribution can still be predicted by specific semantic properties of the adverb.
There are many studies about Edgar Allan Poe’s works. The writer uses
the previous study by Riah Wiratningsih 2003 in this research to be reviewed. She conducted a research in
Poe’s mystery-themed short stories entitled The Fall of The House of Usher, The Tell-Tale Heart, and The Black Cat. Wiratningsih discusses
the mystery in the short story. The result of her study is Poe creates the appearances of mystery through idiosyncrasy of his characters. He makes the creation of
uniqueness and strangeness and his characterization is supported by point of view, setting, plot, foreshadowing and diction. Those elements of works contribute to the
effect of mystery in Poe’s short story 2003: 1. Reviewing those studies, there are some similarities and relevance with
this study. Dewi’s study only focuses on adverbs ending with –ly, which are adverbs
of manner. This study covers larger context, that is phrases. This study investigates adverb of place, adverb of manner, adverb of time, adverb of degree, and adverb of
frequency, and their significances to the story. This study is relevant to Ernst’s because his study shows the distribution
of adverbs based on their environments that are semantic properties of the adverbs. This study also discusses the distribution of adverbial phrases in gothic-horror
literary text which should have its own context and semantic property. This study is also similar to Wiratningsih’s study that is analyzing Poe’s mystery-themed short
story, however, the difference is this study conducts linguistic study to analyze the significan
ce of adverbial phrases in Poe’s short story. As a result, referring from those two short studies, this study identifies the distribution of adverbial phrases in
Poe’s short story and their significances. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Adverb
Biber, et al. state that an adverb can either be integrated into an element of the clause or function themselves as an element of the clause 1999: 538. It means
that adverbs may have various occurrences in a clause because they may serve as modifiers of other elements of the clause. The adverb serving as modifiers also can
also function as adverbials. The difference between adverb and adverbial is an adverb is a word class label, while an adverbial is a function label. It means that
adverbials are the units that provi de the answer for the question such as ‘why did
this occur?’, ‘how did this occur?’, ‘when did this occur?’, and ‘where did this occur?’.
The forms of adverbs are commonly characterized with ending –ly.
However, Biber et al. categorize adverbs into four major categories 1999: 539. First is a simple adverb. Simple adverbs are single words that are not formed from
compounds or derivational affixes, e.g. well, quite, here, and soon. Other simple adverbs are related to other words classes: long and fast can be adjectives; down
and round can be used as preposition; yesterday and tomorrow can be used as nouns. Second is a compound adverb. Compound adverbs are formed by combining
two or more elements into a single word, e.g. anyway any + way, and nowhere no + where.
Third is an adverb derived by suffixation. Many adverbs are formed by suffixing
–ly to the base form of an adjective, such as slowly formed from the adjective slow. However, not all adverbs ending in -ly are formed by the addition
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