B. Review of Related Theories
1. Adverb
Biber, et al. state that an adverb can either be integrated into an element of the clause or function themselves as an element of the clause 1999: 538. It means
that adverbs may have various occurrences in a clause because they may serve as modifiers of other elements of the clause. The adverb serving as modifiers also can
also function as adverbials. The difference between adverb and adverbial is an adverb is a word class label, while an adverbial is a function label. It means that
adverbials are the units that provi de the answer for the question such as ‘why did
this occur?’, ‘how did this occur?’, ‘when did this occur?’, and ‘where did this occur?’.
The forms of adverbs are commonly characterized with ending –ly.
However, Biber et al. categorize adverbs into four major categories 1999: 539. First is a simple adverb. Simple adverbs are single words that are not formed from
compounds or derivational affixes, e.g. well, quite, here, and soon. Other simple adverbs are related to other words classes: long and fast can be adjectives; down
and round can be used as preposition; yesterday and tomorrow can be used as nouns. Second is a compound adverb. Compound adverbs are formed by combining
two or more elements into a single word, e.g. anyway any + way, and nowhere no + where.
Third is an adverb derived by suffixation. Many adverbs are formed by suffixing
–ly to the base form of an adjective, such as slowly formed from the adjective slow. However, not all adverbs ending in -ly are formed by the addition
of the suffix to an adjectival form and not all words ending in –ly are adverbs, such
as friendly, lovely, and leisurely. Fourth is fixed phrase. These phrases are invariant in form, and the component words rarely retain their independent meaning, e.g. of
course, kind of, and at last.
2. Grammatical Function of Adverbial as Adjunct
Quirk divides the grammatical functions of adverbials into four main divisions. They are Adjunct, Subjunct, Disjunct, and Conjunct 1985: 503.
However, this study focuses more on adjunct because most data found in the story are in adjunct form.
In sentences, adjuncts resemble other sentence elements, such as Subject, Object, and Complement Quirk, 1985: 504. Adjunct can also be the focus of a
cleft sentence. Generally, adverbs as adjuncts have more freedom of position in a clause than other elements. Adjunct is divided into two subcategories: Predication
Obligatory and Optional and Sentence. Adjuncts also have grammatical realization of their sematic roles. They are as follows:
i. Adjunct of Space
Adjunct of space has two groups related to space or place which are Position and Direction 1985: 514. In short, it deals with locations and positions of
something. Explanation of Position in, on, at or Direction there, here, ahead will complete verbs like live, be, bring, take, and put which take obligatory predication
adjuncts. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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