Review of Related Studies

ii. Adjunct of Time Adjunct of time is the adverb that explains any matter related to time. The aspects explained by adjunct of time are position, durationspan, and frequency 1985: 526. Adjunct of time-position usually uses prepositional phrase or noun phrase, e.g. in 2000, at 10 o’clock. Prepositional phrases help to distinguish the narrowness or broadness of the time ‘location’. Further, it is divided into two modes of orientation. First, it denotes a point or period of time, e.g. now ‘at this time’ and simultaneously ‘at the same time’. Second, it gives additional implication to another period of time, e.g. later ‘afterward’ and eventually ‘in the end’. Adjuncts of span and duration are the adverbs that give explanation related to time as linear dimension. All adjuncts of time have an orientation to the speaker’s ‘now’ the primary concern to the speakerwriter within a given context, the one referring to a span in the past, the other to one in the future. Thus, there are three types of this adjunct. They are Forward Span e.g. until, till, Backward Span e.g. since, lately, and Duration Adjunct. Duration Adjunct is divided into Definite Frequency and Indefinite Frequency. Definite Frequency is the times by which frequency can be measured, while Indefinite Frequency is the opposite. It cannot be measured. Definite Frequency is divided into two, they are Period Frequency e.g. weekly, daily, annually and Occasion Frequency e.g. twice, once. Indefinite Frequency has Usual Occurrence e.g. commonly, usually, Continuous e.g. always, High Frequency e.g. frequently, often, and Low Frequency e.g. seldom, rarely. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii. Process Adjunct Process adjunct explains how something is done. All four semantic types of process adjunct can be realized by prepositional phrase 1985: 556. First type is Manner Adjunct. It is performed by derivational adjective + suffix –ly which can be paraphrased by in a … manner or in a … way where the adjective fill the blank position. This adjunct also answers a How question. It is because how is usually expected to elicit Manner Adjunct. Second type is Means Adjunct, e.g. You can turn on this machine by pressing this button. Third type is Instrument Adjunct, e.g. We cut the tree with this axe. Fourth type is Agentive Adjunct, e.g. She was killed by a murderer. iv. Respect Adjunct and Contingency Adjunct Respect Adjunct is an adverb that show its parasitic character in being realized formally by expressions whose primary function is to realize other classes of adjunct 1985: 563. In the other words, it explains the content of the sentence in its association with certain classes most of them are adjective as the related point, e.g. Sh e’s advising them legally. Legally here means ‘from a legal standpoint’. Contingency Adjunct, meanwhile, is realized by the prepositional phrases e.g. because of reason, for purpose, if condition, and though concession.

3. Semantic Roles of Adverbial

Quirk distinguishes seven main categories of semantic roles of the adverbials 1985: 479. First, adverbial roles as Space has three aspects, they are Position and Direction which are interrelated with source [from] and goal [to], and Distance e.g. far. Second, adverbial roles as Time has four aspects, they are Position and Duration which are interrelated with forward span [until] and backward span [since], Frequency e.g. often, always and Relationship e.g. still, already. Third, adverbial roles of Process has four aspects, they are Manner e.g. loudly, well, Means e.g. by plane, in mathematics, Instrument e.g. with a hammer, using a calculator, and Agentive e.g. by John Passive Voice. Fourth is adverbial role of Respect. It has concerned with the use of adverbial to identify a relevant point of reference in respect of which the clause concerned derives its truth value e.g. She helped him a little with his book. Fifth, adverbial roles of Contingency has Cause e.g. She died of cancer, Reason e.g. He brought his umbrella because today is going to rain, Purpose e.g. They train every day to win the championship, Result e.g. He ran so fast, so he won the medal, Condition e.g. I can eat, if I have a job, and Concession e.g. I still can eat, though I do not have any job. Sixth, adverbial roles as Modality has Emphasis e.g. She will certainly go to the party, Approximation e.g. She will probably go to the party, and Restriction e.g. She will go only to the party. Seventh, adverbial roles as Degree has Amplification e.g. I love her so much, and Diminution e.g. I like her a little bit.

4. Stylistics

Stylistics analyzes the uni que language feature that gives the author’s message and affects the reader through the text. Verdonk maintains that “stylistics, the study of style, can be defined as the analysis of distinctive expression in language and the description of its purposes and effects ” 2002: 4. It means that PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI