Theoretical Framework LITERATURE REVIEW

and small group skills such as trustworthiness, effective communication, conflict- resolution, decision making, and leadership.

e. Group Processing

The main idea of group processing is reflection. The reflection is to look what has been going on and to recite what should be maintained and should not. Through this reflection, students are able to improve their work in order to achieve group effectiveness.

B. Theoretical Framework

Learning English especially for exposition text using audio-visual media is a new project assigned for the students in SMA Negeri 2 Yogyakarta. The English teacher had just been implemented this project in the early 2008. In this project, the audio-visual media is used to organize an exposition text in the form of film. In accomplishing this project, the students were free to decide their own theme and plot of the film as far as the story still in the exposition framework. After the students finished this project, they are supposed to understand better on the function, the generic structure, and the characteristics of the exposition text. What students had just learned through audio-visual media in learning exposition text was also supposed to be able to be stored in the students’ long term memory. Besides learning the theory of exposition text, they could be able to make the visualization in the form of film of the script that they had composed. Moreover, learning through a project could supports 31 students in learning and practicing skills in problem solving, communication, and self-management Thomas, 1999. However, the way the students perceive on something, whether it is in positive or negative way, influences the students’ behavioral responses Altman et.al, 1985: 86. For that reason, the behavioral responses could be positive or negative depend on the students’ perception. If students perceive the audio-visual project in positive way, the students’ behavioral response would be positive, whereas, if students perceive the audio-visual project in negative way, their behavioral response would also be negative. In stead of investigating the students’ perception on the use of audio-visual project, the researcher also finding out the process of organizing the project elaborated by students. Henceforth, the researcher conducts a research based on these two problem formulations in which the data gathered through questionnaire and interview. 32

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology of the study in detail. It includes the discussion of certain analyses which are used to prove the research from the data gathering. This chapter is divided into six parts of discussion. Those are research method, research participants, research instruments, data gathering techniques, data analysis techniques, and research procedure.

A. Research Method

This research was a survey research. According to Ari, Jacobs, and Razavieh 2002; 374, survey research is a technique in research which data are gathered by asking questions to a group or individuals. The researcher employed qualitative approach to conduct the research. Qualitative study fosters the researcher to achieve profound investigation of human behavior within a specific natural social setting and thereby he may uncover “the unforeseen areas of discovery within the lives of people he is investigating Holliday, 2002: 5. For that reason, the researcher demanded to look at and interpret what underlie the experiences of students who involved in social phenomena. As stated by Best 1983: 156, qualitative methods are those in which the descriptions of observations are not ordinarily expressed in quantitative terms. A qualitative method presents the data in the form of description. Therefore the product 33