CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology of the study in detail. It includes the discussion of certain analyses which are used to prove the research from the data
gathering. This chapter is divided into six parts of discussion. Those are research method, research participants, research instruments, data gathering techniques, data
analysis techniques, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
This research was a survey research. According to Ari, Jacobs, and Razavieh 2002; 374, survey research is a technique in research which data are gathered by
asking questions to a group or individuals. The researcher employed qualitative approach to conduct the research. Qualitative study fosters the researcher to achieve
profound investigation of human behavior within a specific natural social setting and thereby he may uncover “the unforeseen areas of discovery within the lives of people
he is investigating Holliday, 2002: 5. For that reason, the researcher demanded to look at and interpret what underlie the experiences of students who involved in social
phenomena. As stated by Best 1983: 156, qualitative methods are those in which the descriptions of observations are not ordinarily expressed in quantitative terms. A
qualitative method presents the data in the form of description. Therefore the product
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of qualitative research is richly descriptive since the obtained data would be presented in the form of verbal statements.
B. Research Participants
The research participants were the eleventh grade of students for the academic year of 2007 2008 in SMA Negeri 2 Yogyakarta. There were six classes for the
eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Yogyakarta however the writer only took two classes consisted of seventy-five students. The interview was conducted toward
five students from the two chosen classes and they were chosen randomly by the English teacher. Meanwhile, the all seventy-five students were involved to be the
questionnaire subjects.
C. Research Instruments
In conducting this study, the researcher employed two kinds of research instruments. They were an interview and a questionnaire. The explanation of those
two instruments used in this study is presented as follows.
1. Questionnaire
The questionnaire was used to find out how the audio-visual project influenced the students’ perception in learning exposition text. Referring to Ari et.al. 1990:
421, he stated that a questionnaire is an instrument of a study to gather information through the respondents’ written responses to a list of questions. In gathering the
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data, the
researcher employed
close-ended questionnaire
and open-ended
questionnaire. The close-ended questionnaire allowed the students to pick the response that best represented his or her opinion in the provided columns. The value
for the columns was one up to five. It was based on the construction of the evaluation scale item. The value was 1 for strongly disagree, 2 for disagree, 3 for no idea, 4 for
agree, and 5 for strongly agree. While the open-ended questionnaire allowed students to give free responses on the audio-visual project.
Henceforth, there were twenty-three statements provided by the researcher in the questionnaire that described kinds of students’ perception of project–based
learning of exposition text using audio visual media. For the guideline of making the questionnaire, the researcher made them based on the knowledge, skills, and attitude
framework. Therefore, the researcher classified these twenty three questions into three categories. In order to make the discussion more clear, the followings are the
explanation of those three categories. a. Knowledge
In this category, there were two main points to be investigated. The first was the students’ knowledge on the exposition text in which underlying the students’
understanding on the generic structure, the language features, and the cohesive devices of exposition text. The second was the students’ knowledge on the audio-
visual media which underlined the equipments that were used in the project and also theirs operation.
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b. Skill The researcher elaborated this category into three main points. The first was the
students’ background on operating audio visual media. The second was students’ language skills in which involved four skills; listening, reading, speaking, and
writing. The third was the skill for operating audio-visual media for making film. c. Attitude
In the attitude category, there were two main points to be elaborated in this section. The first was investigating the students’ interest in carrying out the audio-
visual project and the second was investigating how students worked in their team. The previous explanation could be seen briefly in the
Table 3.1.
Table 3.1. Questionnaire Blue Print Questions
Number
Part 1 Knowledge 1. Exposition text
a. Generic structure of the text. b. Language features of the text.
c. Cohesive devices of the text 2. Audio-visual
a. The equipment for film making. 1
2 3
4, 5 Part 2 Skills
1. Background 2. Language skills
a. listening skills b. reading skills
c. speaking skills 6
7 8
9
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Table 3.1. Questionnaire Blue Print, Continued
d. writing skills 3. Audio-visual operation
a. equipment b. film making
10 11
12, 13, 14,15 Part 3 Attitudes
1. The students’ interest motivation 2. How students work in team
16, 17,18,19,20 21,22,23
2. Interview
There were five questions provided for the interview section see app. B. Those questions aimed to investigate on how students carried out project-based learning
using audio-visual media in applying exposition text. In the interview section, there were no predetermined answers which limit the subjects’ responses.
D. Data Gathering Techniques
The data first gathered from the interview on Friday, May 2
nd
, 2008 then continued on Saturday, May 10
th
, 2008. There were five interviewees chosen by the English teacher. These interviewees were provided five questions on how students
organized audio-visual project to learn exposition text. The day for distributing questionnaire was different from the day for conducting interview. The questionnaire
was distributed on and May 10
th
, 2008 for both two classes. The date for conducting research was already passed the middle of the semester; therefore, students were
supposed to have finished their audio-visual project and understood on the issue 37
discussed in the questionnaire and interview. The research samples were two chosen classes of the second grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Yogyakarta. The information
gathered from the research was presented in the form of paragraph and the raw data was presented in the form of table.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
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