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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher explains the research methodology that was used, in order that the research could be conducted systematically. The research
methodology in this research covers the place and time of research, the method of the research, population, sample and sampling, the technique of collecting data,
the technique of analyzing data, and the statistical hypothesis.
A. The Place and Time of Research
The research was conducted in Kampus Ilham of STKIP–PGRI Pontianak which is located on Jl. Ilham Jl. Prof. Dr. M. Yamin No.45 Pontianak. The
research was held in about 9 nine months in the even semester, in the academic year 20112012. It was from November 2011 to July 2012 as seen in the table
below:
Table 3.1. The schedule of the research No
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
MONTH Nov
Dec Jan
Feb Mar
Apr May
Jun Jul
1 Preliminary observation
xx 2
Designing research proposal xxxx
3 Conducting proposal
seminarfixing
xxxx xx 4
Developing research instrument
xx xx 5
Giving treatment and collecting data
xx xxxx xx 6
Discussing the data analysis xx
7 Accomplishment writing
research report
xxxx xx
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B. The Method of The Research
In this research, the researcher applied an experimental research. According to Gall, et al. 2003: 365, “The experiment is the most powerful
quantitative research method for establishing cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables.” In addition, Kerlinger and Lee 2000: 466 state,
“An experiment is a scientific investigation in which an investigator manipulates and controls one or more independent variables and observes the dependent
variable or variables for variation concomitant to the manipulation of the independent variables.” To summarize, in this experimental research, the
researcher intended to get the evidence of the cause-and-effect relationship between the research dependent and independent variables based on the theories
reviewed in the Chapter 2. The design of this research was factorial design because the dependent
variable of this experimental research was related to not only the treatment variable but also the additional variable moderate variable; both as the
independent variables. According to Gamst, et al. 2008: 172, A design containing more than one independent variable is known as a
factorial design … those independent variables are between-subjects variables, the design is called a between subjects design or a between-
subjects factorial design. Designs containing two between-subjects independent variables that are simultaneously varied are two-way
between-subjects factorial designs.
It is also stated by Tuckman 1978: 133, “Factorial designs are modifications of the true experimental designs, with the further complication that additional
independent variables usually moderator are included in addition to the treatment variable.”
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In this research, there were two kinds of variables. They were independent variable and dependent variable. The variables were explained as follows:
1. Independent Variable
Independent variable is the variable that influences the dependent variable through the treatment of independent variable. In this research, there were two
independent variables which were specified into the treatment variable and the moderate variable.
a. The treatment variable Factor A
In this research, the treatment variable was the teaching techniques. There were two variations of the treatment variables. The variations of teaching
techniques were: Note-Taking Pairs A
1
and Directed Reading-Thinking Activity A
2
. Note-Taking Pairs technique was used for the experiment group and DR-TA technique for the control group.
b. The moderate variable Factor B
In this research, the moderate variable was the student’s linguistic intelligence. There were two variations of the moderate variables. The
variations of student’s linguistic intelligence were: high linguistic intelligence B
1
and low linguistic intelligence B
2
.
2. Dependent Variable
Dependent variable is the factor that is observed and measured to determine the cause and effect from independent group. In this research, the
dependent variable was the student’s reading competence.
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There were two factors that was manipulated at the same time: teaching techniques factor A and the student’s linguistic intelligence factor B, where
each of the two factors had two variations. Thus, this research was conducted using 2 x 2 design of factorial design.
Table 3.2. 2x2 Factorial Design Teaching Technique A
Linguistic Intelligence B Experiment group
Note-Taking Pairs
A
1
Control group Directed Reading-
Thinking Activity
A
2
High Linguistic Intelligence
B
1
A
1
B
1
A
2
B
1
Low Linguistic Intelligence
B
2
A
1
B
2
A
2
B
2
This research was designed to describe and to prove the influence of using
the teaching techniques Note-Taking Pairs and DR-TA and the student’s linguistic intelligence upon the student’s reading competence.
C. Population, Sample, and Sampling