22 more than what he actually says, but it is always in principle possible for
him to say exactly what he means.
It means that the receiver can catch the meaning based on the speaker‟s speech acts performed. Therefore, the researcher will analyze the speech acts.
c. Text and Context
Discussing discourse analysis cannot be separated from text and context. Text is pieces of writing or spoken discourse. As cited by Titscher, Michael, Ruth,
Eva 2000: 21, de Beaugrande Dressler defined a text as a communicative event. It means that text is one of media of discourse. In terms of utterance of
words, text is the linguistic content: the stable semantic meanings of words, expressions, and sentences, but not the inferences available to receivers depending
upon the contexts in which words, expressions, and sentences are used. It can be concluded that text learns about the meaning what the speakers said. On the
contrary, context focuses on the environment the sayings occur. Anderson Kathy 1997: 1 has classified text type into two. They are
literary and factual texts. Literary texts include movie scripts, limericks, fairy tales, plays, novels, song lyrics, mimes, and soap operas. Their aims are to
entertain and make people think about their life or consider their beliefs. There are three main text types in the literary texts. They are narrative, poetic, and dramatic.
Factual texts include advertisements, announcements, internet web sites, current affairs shows, debates, recipes, reports and instructions. Factual texts aim
to present information or ideas and tell or persuade the audience. There are seven main text types in this text. They are:
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23 1.
Recount Speaking or writing about past events is called a recount Anderson
Kathy, 1997: 48. The purpose of a recount is to give the audience a description of what occurred and when it occurred.
2. Response
Anderson Kathy 1997: 6 say that the response text type is a person‟s
response or action to another text a book, film, play, poem, and so on. It gives a description of the work and a judgment.
3. Explanation
Speaking or writing about how or why things happen is called an explanation Anderson Kathy, 1997: 80. The explaining text type tells how or
why something occurs. It looks at the steps rather than things. The purpose of an explanation is to tell each step of the process the how and to give reasons the
why .
4. Discussion
Discussion is speaking or writing about a topic and include both sides of the case Anderson Kathy, 1997: 116. The discussion text type gives the for
and against, the positive and negative, or the good points and the bad points. The purpose of a discussion is to present to the audience different opinions on a topic
and, at the end, the writer‟s opinion. 5.
Information report An information report is a piece of text that presents information about a
subject Anderson Kathy, 1997: 86. An information report usually contains
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24 facts about the subject, a description and information on its part behaviour and
qualities. 6.
Exposition An exposition is a piece of text that presents one side of an issue
Anderson Kathy, 1997: 122. The purpose of an exposition text is to persuade the reader or listener by presenting one side of an argument.
7. Procedure
A procedure text is a piece of text that has function to instruct someone on how something can be done Anderson Kathy, 1997: 5. A procedure text is the
text type that it does not include in the discussion. This text will not include in the analysis.
Speech act theory and pragmatics define context primarily as „knowledge‟. It is also supported by Peccei and Yule‟s theory. As cited by Cutting 2002: 2,
Peccei and Yule explain that both pragmatics and discourse analysis study the meaning of words in context, analyzing the parts of meaning that can be explained
by knowledge of the physical and social world, and the socio-psychological factors influencing communication, as well as the knowledge of the time and
place in which the words are uttered or written. Flower 1986: 86 also divided context into three useful meanings: context
of utterance, context of culture, and context of reference. Context of utterance
concerns in the settings and participants in which the discourse is conducted. Context of culture influence the structure of discourse occurring within them.
Then, context of reference is related to the topic or subject-matter of a text.
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25
B. Theoretical Framework
