Determiner + Head The Types of Noun Phrases

31 Table 2 shows that there are several different structures of noun phrases found in Jace Wayland’s utterances. From the data collected by the writer, there is a total number of 693 noun phrases found in the utterances. Each of the structure has different percentages of occurrence in the utterances throughout the novel. The table also shows that are three structures with the most significant percentage such as determiner + head, determiner + pre-modifier + head, and pre-modifier + head. The structure of determiner + head is the highest percentage with 48.9 and the number of occurrence of 339. The structure of determiner + pre-modifier + head is the second highest noun phrase structure that occurs in the utterances with the number of occurrence of 117 and the percentage of 16.9. The third highest percentage noun phrase structure is pre-modifier + head. It has the number of occurrence of 86 and the percentage of 12.4. Those three structures are the most frequent in terms of occurrence in the utterances compared to the other types of structure. The analysis of each distribution is elaborated in the following parts in order to achieve better understanding of what the types of noun phrases in Jace Wayland’s utterances are. 1. Determiner + Head This type of noun phrase structure is the most frequent type found in the utterances of Jace Wayland in terms of occurrence. It has the percentage of 48.9 with the number of occurrence 339. The structure has at least one determiner that occurs before the head of the noun phrase. Determiner is used to determine the referential properties of the head of a noun phrase which follows them Radford, 2004: 24. The occurrence of the determiner itself contains various types of 32 determiners such as possessive, articles definite and indefinite, quantifier, and demonstrative determiner. In some cases, these type of determiner can occur more than once in one noun phrase. The examples of each structures of determiner followed by the head of noun phrases are as follows. 1 His + poetry page 28 Poss H The word his , my , and your are categorized as the possessive along with the other form such as her , its , their , our , and inflected ‘s possessive form. Noun phrase 1 shows that the word his is the determiner to the noun phrase head poetry . 2 The + ground page 11 D art H The structure of noun phrase 2 consists of definite article and the head of the noun phrase. The definite article is commonly indicated by the use of the . The definite article in noun phrase 2 is the determiner to the noun phrase head ground . According to Downing and Locke, the definite article is used to identify the referent that can be identified within the text, outside the text from a certain situation as well as from general knowledge 2006: 419. 3 A + girl page 11 I art H Indefinite article can be indicated by the use of an . Noun phrase 3 shows that the word A is the determiner to the noun phrase head girl. Indefinite article has a distinct function from the definite article. Indefinite article is used to identify the referent that has not already specified Downing and Locke, 2006: 418. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 33 4 These + frequencies page 58 Demonstrative H Noun phrase 4 contains one determiner these in order to modify the noun phrase head frequencies . Demonstrative determiner tells about the distance of a word it modifies, whether the object is close to the speaker in the context. The words this, that, these and those are demonstrative determiners. This and these are used to refer to close object while that and those are for farther object. 5 Some + thoughts page 119 Quantifier H A quantifier also belongs to the determiner class in order to modify the noun phrase head. The words some , many , a lot of , a few and etc. are the examples of quantifiers Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 66. Quantifiers are usually used in order to indicate the amount or quantity. There is no distinct use of quantifier for both countable and uncountable nouns. Noun phrase 5 contains the word some as the quantifier and thoughts as the noun phrase head. 6 One + Mark page 62 Card Num H Noun phrase 6 contains the word one as the determiner and Mark as the noun phrase head. Another kind of determiner that is used by the noun phrases found in the utterances is cardinal numerals. Similar with quantifier, the cardinal numerals are used to modify the quantity or amount of the head of noun phrases. The words one, two, three, four and so on are the examples of cardinal numerals. Different from one which can occur with singular count nouns, other cardinal numerals such as two , three , four and so on can only occur with plural count nouns Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985: 65. 34 7 All + witches page 67 All H The word all , both , and half also belong to the class of determiner. In noun phrase 7, there is the word all as the determiner to modify the noun phrase head witches . These determiners are called pre-determiners meaning that it can occur with other kinds of determiner such as articles and demonstratives. They are used as a quantifier to indicate the amount or quantity of the noun. Noun phrase 7 shows that all modifies the head witches which is plural noun with no other kinds of determiner such as articles or demonstratives. 8 All + those + sandwiches page 89 All Demonstrative H As it is mentioned in the previous chapter, determiners are distinguished into three major classes such as pre-determiners, central determiners, and post- determiners. Noun phrase 8 shows that it has two kinds of determiners at the same time such as all and demonstrative those to modify the noun phrase head sandwiches which is plural noun. Determiner all belongs to pre-determiners and those to post-determiner. 9 The + one + day page 192 D art Card Num H Similar to noun phrase 8, noun phrase 9 also contains two kinds of determiners to modify the noun phrase head day . The definite article the belongs to central determiners and one belongs to cardinal numerals that is post-determiner. The occurrence of each kinds of determiners is indicated as the name as an order. They can’t be overturned. Pre-determiners always occur before central determiners then followed pos-tdeterminers after central determiners. 35 2. Determiner + Pre-modifier + Head