Pre-modifiers Theory of Syntax

3 Post-determiners Numerals such as ordinal e.g . fourth , twentieth , next , last , other , another , additional and cardinal e.g. one , two , three ... and quantifiers e.g. many , a few , few , several for countable plural nouns and much , a little , little for non-countable nouns must follow the determiners but precede the adjective in the pre- modification structure. 1985: 65.

i. Pre-modifiers

The pre-modifiers are different from determiner in certain ways Downing and Locke, 2006: 436. Pre-modifiers which are also called as pre-head modifiers help to classify the head. The pre- modifiers’ function is to describe or classify the referent while the determiners’ function is to define and select the referent. Pre- modifiers are usually distinguished into epithet and classifier based on the function. The epithet that is usually indicated by the adjectives helps to characterize the referent by its quality e.g. new room, a young man. The classifier which function to restrict the referent into a sub-class indicated by nouns e.g. one Saturday morning, art lovers, top ten or particular kinds of adjectives and participles e.g. a political broadcast, general elections, leading articles 2006: 404. ii. Post-modifiers The post-modifier is also known with the term qualifier. According to Downing and Locke the basic function of post-modifier is to either supply information in order to specify and identify the referent or add supplementary information about the referent. The post-modifiers can be in the form of finite and non-finite clauses, e.g. the film we saw , a man reading a newspaper , PPs e.g. in February 1893 and, other noun phrase e.g. shoes that size and adverbial phrase e.g. the car outside 2006: 404. Table 2.2 below is the summary of the noun phrase constituents that is proposed by Quirk and Greenbaum. Table 2.2 Summary of Parts of Noun Phrase Determiner Pre- Modifier Post- Modifier Pre- Determiner Central Determiner Post- Determiner all , both , half double , once , twice , three four ... times , one - third , two - fifth , three - quarters with of construction. For singular count noun: The, possessive my , our.. , whose , which ever , what ever , some stressed, any stressed, no, this, that, a n , every, each, either, neither Cardinal numeral: one , two , three... Classifier: Noun art, Saturday, water Adjective political, general, green Qualifier: Finite clause we saw, Non finite clause reading a newspaper PP in February 1893, Other noun phrase that size For plural count noun: the , possessive my , our.. , whose , which ever , what ever , some stressed, any stressed, no , some unstressed, any unstressed, enough , these , those , zero article Ordinal numeral: fourth , twentieth , next , last , other , another , additional. For non-count noun: The , possessive my , our.. , whose , which ever , what ever , some stressed, any stressed, no , some unstressed, any unstressed, enough , this , that , much , zero article. Quantifier: many , a few , few , several much , a little , little

d. The Functions of Noun Phrase in a Clause