patterns.
23
However, these activities are preliminary; before beginning to write a draft; writer needs to establish a structure for the essay. It also
helps the writer to generate ideas and allows himher to see the connections among those ideas. Second step is drafting. Drafting is
making draft of the goal to state main idea clearly and develop the content with plenty of specific details.
24
In addition, an essay gets stronger as the drafting process continues. As the essay evolves and develops, the writer
also gets more and more invested in the process and its outcome.
25
No one is able to write a perfect first draft, even people who tend to write
very strong first draft essays realize the need for revision and redrafting. Then, revising is rewriting a paper, building upon what has already been
done, in order to make it stronger.
26
The last step is editing. Editing is the stage where the students are engaged in tidying up their texts as they
prepare the final draft for evaluation by checking a paper for mistakes in grammar, punctuation, usage, and spelling.
27
4. The Problem of Writing
Writing is not easy. Raymond stated that an experienced writer will often labor over a single paragraph for more than an hour-not counting the thought
and research that went on before the actual writing.
28
Therefore, many problems faced by teachers and students. The first problem is “the less proficient writer”
problem.
29
Less proficient writers jump the process of writing by skip the prewriting strategies to generate ideas. Students might take much time to write
23
Donald Pharr and Santi Buscemi, Writing Today: contexts and options for the real world- Brief Edition, New York, McGraw Hill companies, Inc, 2005, p. 40.
24
Ibid., p. 43.
25
Ibid.
26
John Langan, op. cit., p. 29.
27
Jack C. Richards and Willy A. Renandya, Methodology in Language Teaching An Anthology of Current Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 319.
28
James C Raymond. op. cit., p. 7.
29
Jerry G. Gebhard, Teaching English as a Foreign or second Language 2 nd
Edition, Michigan: The University of Michigan, 2006, p. 223.
down their ideas. The suggestion for this problem is teacher should teach less proficient writers the writing process. Teachers also need to give full attention to
them, to show them how to plan a piece of writing through prewriting activities.
30
The second problem is “I can‟t write English” problem.
31
Students usually give up toward writing and believe that they cannot write. The solution
is teachers should apply the writing process to the students. Teachers can lead students through prewriting, drafting, and revising activities. By doing this,
students can see that writing is indeed a process of development that takes time and effort.
32
The last problem is “teacher response” problem. Writing teachers often spend many hours reading and marking students‟ papers.
33
The suggestion for this problem is teachers can work with students on developing their written
work through student-to-student conferences.
34
B. Procedure Text
1. Definition of Procedure Text
We use many kinds of text in daily life. Usually we read a text how to operate new things, how to prepare or make something, how to act in
some circumstances like school, company, and a community, and how to get to some places. Those kinds of text are called procedure text.
Procedure enables people to do things that are new to them or to make sure they do things in the correct order, and include all that needs to be
done.
35
It can be concluded that procedure text presents steps to do something, making something, or going somewhere.
30
Ibid., p. 224.
31
Ibid., p. 225.
32
Ibid.
33
Ibid., p. 226.
34
Ibid.
35
www.kbs.co.ukpdfEB17.pdf , taken on December 3, 2013 at 06.57 a.m.
2. Language Features of Procedure Text
Procedure texts can be recognized based on some language features below
36
: 3.
The use of technical language 4.
Sentences that begin with verbs and are stated as commands 5.
The use of time words or numbers that tell the order for doing the procedure
6. The use of adverbs to tell how the action should be done.
3. Constructing Procedure Text
There are some steps in constructing procedure text. First, on the first sentence, the introduction and aim of the procedure is being presented.
Then, list of materials needed are also described. Last, the steps to do the activity are given.
A procedure usually consists of
37
: a.
The goal of the activity. This is where you tell your reader what heshe is going to achieve.
b. The materials needed. It could be ingredients, tools, and equipment.
c. Steps to achieve the goal. This is the main part of the procedure.
d. Conclusion. We may wish to include a conclusion
According to Text Types in English, the steps for constructing a procedure text are
38
: a.
An introductory statement that gives the aim or goal b.
A list of material that will be needed c.
A sequence of steps in the order they need to be done.
36
Mark Anderson and Cathy Anderson, op. cit., p. 52.
37
www.kbs.co.ukpdfEB17.pdf , taken on December 3, 2013 at 06.57 a.m.
38
Mark Anderson and Cathy Anderson, loc. cit.
